1. You are what you eat!
Biomolecules

2. What is a “molecule”? An atom is the smallest unit of matter.
A “molecule” is formed when more than one type of atom are chemically joined together.
Molecules can be simple like H2O.
Molecules can be large and complex like DNA.

3. BIOMOLECULES
Biomolecules are large molecules necessary to life (“bio” = living)
Many molecules are necessary to life, but there are 4 main types of these very large molecules that are important because they are:
present in cells as part of their structure
used by cells for energy
made by cells to be used by other cells in the body
Part of the cells DNA

4. 4 Main Types Carbohydrates (sugars & starch)
Proteins (proteins & enzymes)
Lipids (fats and oils)
Nucleic acids (DNA and ATP)

5. CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates Simple sugars Complex carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Mono = one
Disaccharides
Di = two
Complex carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Poly = many
Starch (rice, potato)

6. How does our body break down this bread?

7. Long polysaccharides are broken down into single molecules of glucose
Loaf of bread
Bread crumbs
Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide
“glucose”
Form used by cells
Disaccharide

8. Structure
Polysaccharide
Many
Sugar

9. Structure
Di saccharide
Two
Sugar

10. Structure
Monosaccharide
One
Sugar

11. Function
Carbohydrates provide QUICK energy to the body!

12. Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
LIPIDS
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
Long chain molecules

13. Lipids are fats & oils
Two types of fats:

14. Molecule is composed of repeating units of:
LOOK FOR THE “E”
Molecule is composed of repeating units of:
3 fatty acids + glycerol

15. Function of Lipids
Made mainly of carbon and hydrogen (only a few oxygen atoms)
Fat molecules are best method of STORING energy for later use
Lipids are an important part of cell membranes
Lipids insulate nerve cells (myelin)
Lipids in fat cells, insulates body

16. Proteins

17. Proteins are made of many amino acids. What is an amino acid?
This is an amino acid molecule. It is also called a “peptide”.
Proteins are made of many amino acid molecules joined together.
Proteins are “polypeptides”
There are 21 different amino acids.

18. Proteins aka….
Whey Protein
Meat
Polypeptide
Peanut butter

19. Can be used by cells to make new proteins.
When we eat foods that contain protein, the protein is broken down into amino acids.
Polypeptide
Meat
Amino Acid
Can be used by cells to make new proteins.

20. Function of Proteins Proteins are part of our cells
Proteins give structure to muscle cells, skin cells, heart cells, liver cells, brain cells, etc.
Proteins transport things in cells
Proteins help control what happens inside our cells
Enzymes are special proteins that make many important chemical reactions happen in our cells.
Proteins turn genes on and off
Hormones are proteins (ex. Insulin)
Antibodies (fights disease) are proteins

21. Nucleic Acids
DNA
Stores genetic information in the form of a double stranded VERY large helix shaped molecule.
Millions of “base pair”molecules are joined together to form 1 molecule of DNA.
Humans have 46 molecules (23 pairs) of DNA in the nucleus of their cells.
The order of base
pairs is the genetic “code”
That makes you –you,
And me –me.

22. Nucleic Acids are made of “base pairs” of nucleotides
Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES
Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:
1. a 5-Carbon Sugar
2. a Phosphate Group
3. a Nitrogenous Base – a molecule that has a few N atoms.

23. Cytosine Guanine Adenine Thymine
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, a phosphate, and 1 out of 4 possible Nitrogen Bases
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine

24. Function DNA contains the genetic code
stores & transmit heredity/genetic information
Passed on to new cells
Passed on to organism’s offspring through sperm and egg cells

25. ATP: The “energy” molecule
This is a picture of ATP. ATP is one type of a nucleic acid molecule. It is made of 1 adenine, 1 sugar, and 3 phosphate groups.

26. ATP is a simple nucleic acid
Contains adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates
Stores and releases energy by gaining or losing P groups.

27. Which biomolecule has the most energy!?

28. C-H bonds Count the number of C-H bonds
Which biomolecule (carbs or fats) have more C-H bonds?
carbohydrate protein
lipid

29. The number of C-H bonds = the amount of energy
The more C-H bonds a biomolecule has, the more energy it has!
Fats have the most energy because they have the most C-H bonds!

30. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
CHALLENGE!
Which popular plant process forms glucose?
Photosynthesis
Which elements form a glucose molecule?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What is the molecular formula for glucose?
C6H12O6