Morphology: The analysis of word structure Deny A. Kwary

Main Divisions of Word Classes (Parts of Speech):  Content Words  Function Words  Nouns  Verbs  Adjectives  Adverbs  Conjunctions  Prepositions  Articles  Pronouns

Exercise: Determine the word class of each of the following words a. betterment b. the c. him d. elegant e. inconvenience f. eloquently g. comply h. inasmuch as i. over a. Noun b. Article c. Pronoun d. Adjective e. Noun f. Adverb g. Verb h. Conjunction i. Preposition

Word and Morpheme  Word: the smallest free form  Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit  Word  simple and complex E.g. hunt and hunter E.g. hunt and hunter  Morpheme  free and bound E.g. hunt and -er E.g. hunt and -er

Question #1, p.173 a. Fly  Simple, no bm, fly b. Desks  Complex, -s, desk c. Untie  Complex, un-, tie d. Tree  Simple, no bm, tree e. Dislike  Complex, dis-, like f. Reuse  Complex, re-, use g. Triumphed  Complex, -ed, triumph h. Delight  Simple, no bm, delight i. Justly  Complex, -ly, just

Derivation vs. Inflection (1) IIIIt changes the category and/or the type of meaning of the word, so it is said to create a new word. e.g. suffix –ment in government IIIIt does not change either the grammatical category or the type of meaning found in the word. e.g. suffix –s in books

Derivation vs. Inflection (2) AAAA derivational affix must combine with the base before an inflectional affix. e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA) = neighbourhoods The following combination is unacceptable: neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA) = *neighbourshood

Derivation vs. Inflection (3) AAAAn inflectional affix in more productive than a derivational affix. e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun. On the other hand, the derivational suffix –ant can combine only with Latinate bases.

English Inflectional Morphemes Nouns –s plural –’s possessive Verbs –s third person singular present –edpast tense –en past participle –ingprogressive Adjectives –er comparative –estsuperlative

Some examples of English Derivational Morpheme --ic : Noun  Adj; alcohol  alcoholic --ly : Adj  Adv; exact  exactly --ate : Noun  Verb; vaccin  vaccinate --ity : Adj  Noun; active  activity --ship : Noun  Noun; friend  friendship rre- : Verb  Verb; cover  recover

Describe the italic affixes: 1) im possible 2) terroriz ed 3) terror ize 4) desk s 5) dis like 6) human ity 7) fast est 1) Derivational prefix 2) Inflectional suffix 3) Derivational suffix 4) Inflectional suffix 5) Derivational prefix 6) Derivational suffix 7) Inflectional suffix

Describe the italic affixes: 8) pre mature 9) un tie 10) dark en 11) fall en 12) ox en 13) fast er 14) lectur er 8) Derivational prefix 9) Derivational prefix 10) Derivational suffix 11) Inflectional suffix 12) Inflectional suffix 13) Inflectional suffix 14) Derivational suffix

Affixation  Prefix: An affix that is attached to the front of a base, e.g. re-play.  Suffix: An affix that is attached to the end of a base, e.g. kind-ness.  Infix: An affix that occur within a base, e.g. (in Indonesian) s-in-ambung.  Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is attached to the front and to the end of a base simultaneously, e.g. (in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an.