1. Morphology

2. Morphology Definition The study of word-formation processes.
The combination of constituent elements in a word.

3. Morphology Morpheme A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function
Ex.: read- +
-s -er -ing -able un-[ ]-able
All these elements are meaningful morphemes

4. Morphology Morphemes (2)‏
Free morphemes: they can stand for themselves as single words, ex.: read
Bound morphemes: those which are always attached to another element, ex: -s, -ing, un- ..
When a free morpheme is used with a bound morpheme, it is called stem

5. Morphology Free morphemes
Lexical morphemes: those which carry the content of the word/message, ex.: read, open, cat, dog, long, yellow (nouns, verbs, adjectives)‏
Functional morphems: those which play a functional role between words, ex.: and, but, in, of, what, it, he (conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns)

6. Morphology Bound morphemes (affixation)‏
Derivational morphemes: affixes (prefix, infix, suffix) which give origin to new words in terms of meaning and grammatical category, ex.: -ness (change from adj. > noun good/goddness), -ful (noun>adj. joy/joyful), -ish, -ly, -less, dis-, pre-, un-, ecc.
infix: an affix which is incorporated inside another word (not normally common in English)
ex.: Hallebloodylujah, unfuckingbelievable, Singabloodypore

7. Morphology Bound morphemes (affixation)‏
Inflectional morphemes: affixes which only denote grammatical functions, they don't change meaning. There are only 8 inflectional morphemes in English: -'s (possessive), -s (plural), -s (3rd person present singular), -ing (present participle), -en (past participle), -ed (past tense), - er (comparative), -est (superlative).

8. Morphology Morphemes lexical free functional morphemes derivational
bound
inflectional

9. Morphology Morphological description An example
Jim's sister liked to study and has always taken things seriously

10. Morphology Jim (lexical) -'s (inflectional) sister (lexical)
like (lexical)
-ed (inflectional)
to (functional)
study (lexical)
and (functional)
ha- (variation of the lexical morpheme have)
-s (inflectional)
always (functional)
take (lexical)
-en (inflectional)
thing (lexical)
serious (lexical)
-ly (derivational)

11. Morphology Prefixes (meaning)‏
negative: dis- (disobey), in-(intolerant), un- (unfaithful), non- (nonverbal)‏
opposition: de- (decentralize), dis- (disconnect), un- (unsaid)‏
deprivation: a-(amoral), de- (defrost), dis- (dishearten), un- (unmask)‏
denigration: mal- (malfunction), mis- (misfire), pseudo- (pseudo-intellectual)‏
dimension and range: co- (cohabit), mega- (megabite), mini- (miniskirt).

12. Morphology Prefixes (2).
direction: anti- (anticlockwise), contra- (contraflow)‏
distance: tele- (telephone, television)‏
time and sequence: ex- (ex-husbund), fore- (foresee), post- (postpone), pre- (prepaid), re- (rewind)‏
number: uni- (unilateral), bi- (bilateral) mono- (monolingual).

14. Morphology Suffixes (grammatical class)‏
Nouns deriving from: nouns (history> historian); verbs (work>worker); adjective (national> nationalist).
Verbs deriving from: noun (computer>to computerize), adiective (dark> darken), verb (spark> sparkle)‏
Adjective deriving from: noun (care>careless)‏

15. Activity Write a morphological description of the following sentence:
The girl’s wildness shocked the teachers
Identify the affixes used in the words:
Unfaithful, carelessness, refillable, disagree

16. Answer a
The functional girl lexical ‘s inflectional wild lexical -ness derivational shock lexical -ed inflectional the functional teach lexical -er derivational -s inflectional

17. Answer b
prefix: un-, re-, dis-
suffix: -ful, -less, -ness, -able,