The Plant Kingdom SOL 5.5: Kingdoms of Living Things

The Plant Kingdom This kingdom has organisms that are multi-cellular, have cell walls and chlorophyll, produce their own food, and don’t physically move from one place to another.

1. Vascular Plants Plants that have specialized tissues called xylem and phloem, which move materials from one part of a plant to another.

2. Xylem A specialized plant tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to every part of a plant. (Xylem is ‘up’) online xylem and phloem

3. Phloem A specialized plant tissue that transports sugar molecules from the leaves to all plant cells. (Phloem flows around) Xylem and phloem video

Vascular Plants Grass Rose Dogwood Tree

4. Non-Vascular plants plants that do not have tubes (xylem) to carry water up the plant or tubes (phloem) to carry food made in the leaves down the plant Do not have true stems, roots, and leaves

Non-Vascular Moss Liverwort Fern

Non-Vascular Hornwort

Uses of moss Sphagnum moss, a primary component of peat bogs, was used during World War I as an absorbent dressing for wounds. Its hollow cells enabled it to absorb up to 20% of its own weight in water In earlier times, it was also used for diapers, lamp wicks, and bedding. Today it is used to protect plants when they are being shipped.

5. Photosynthesis Plant cells produce their own food through a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis allows plants to convert light energy into food energy.

Photosynthesis Video

6. Chlorophyll the molecule in plant cells that traps sunlight, uses the light energy to break down carbon dioxide and water and recombines them to form glucose and oxygen, gives plants their green color

7. Stoma Tiny holes on the underside of a leaf Stomata open and close letting carbon dioxide in and oxygen out.

Plants used in Medicine Anti-cancer: Rosy Periwinkle This pretty plant from Madagascar gives us two very important cancer-fighting medicines: vinblastine and vincristine. Vinblastine has helped increase the chance of surviving childhood leukemia from 10% to 95%, while vincristine is used to treat Hodgkin's Disease. The use of willow bark dates to the time of Hippocrates (400 BC) when people were advised to chew on the bark to reduce fever and inflammation. Willow bark has been used throughout the centuries in China and Europe, and continues to be used today for the treatment of pain. The bark of white willow contains silicic, which is a chemical similar to aspirin.

How Do Plants Reproduce?

Non-Vascular 8. Spore: a single reproductive cell that can grow into a new plant (nonvascular-moss and vascular plant-fern) SPORES!

9. Gymnosperm A plant that produces naked or uncovered seeds. (conifers) 10. angiosperm A flowering plant that has seeds protected by fruits/ovary. (vascular) 11. Germination: the process of the growth of the embryo in a plant

Simple plant reproduction Sporophyte generation – the plants reproduce by spores. 12. Sori: clusters of spore cases that toss spores several meters from the frond.

Simple Plant Reproduction Gametophyte generation – plants reproduce by male and female gametes

Seed-Bearing Plants 13. Pollination: the act of transferring pollen (male gamete)

1.Non-Flowering Plants Conifers These are called gymnosperms “naked seeds” The name conifer means “cone carriers” 14. Conifers are a tree or bush that has cones, usually an evergreen, reproduce using male and female gametes Two kinds of cones! –Male and Female ( small and BIG) –usually found on the same tree 22

Female ConeMale Cone Male Cone (pollen cone)  found at the highest parts of the tree & contain pollen carried by wind to the female cones Female Cone (seed cone)  found lower on the tree, takes in pollen, closes tightly for germination, then opens to release the seeds, and drops to the ground to grow 23

18. Embryo: a mature zygote in the female ovule that will eventually become a seed. 15. Seed Coat (the structure that protects the embryo) Cotyledon 17. Cotyledon [kot-l-eed- n] the leaves of the embryo. These leaves will perform photosynthesis once the embryo has sprouted. 16. Endosperm: tissue surrounding an embryo that supplies nutrients 24

Process of Fertilization Fertilization occurs in a flower when: 1.Pollen is transferred from the anthers to the stigma 2.Wind, insects, and/or animals all help to pollinate flowers 3.The pollen grains stick to the stigma and descend down the style into the ovary 4.The ovary develops into a fertilized egg (zygote) 5.The egg grows into an embryo (baby plant). 6.This embryo is protected inside a seed. 25

Male Gamete Female Gamete Zygote (Fertilization) Embryo (Germination) Process of Fertilization 26

19.Dicots and 20.Monoco ts A closer look at seeds! Di = two Bean seeds have two cotyledons Mono = one Corn seeds have one cotyledon 27

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2.Flowering Plants Flowering plants are called angiosperms “enclosed seeds” Largest and most diverse group in the plant kingdom with approximately 260,000 different species being name so far All important food plants are angiosperms Classified as monocots and dicots Parts of flowering plants are petals, sepals, stamens, and pistils 29

Parts of a flowering plant 21. Petals –attract insects or other pollinators to the flower 22. Sepal –makes up the bottom ring of a flower –often green, like leaves, covers/protects the immature flower when it is a bud 30

23. Stamen –Male reproductive parts of a plant (remember sta-MEN) –Thin stalks called filaments, topped by an anther –Anthers are sack like structures that produce pollen grains 24. Pistil –Female reproductive part of a flower –The tip is called the stigma and pollen grains from the anther collect on the stigma which is sticky or feathery –Rounded base of the pistil is the ovary 25. Ovary – contains the egg cells Parts of a flowering plant 31

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Bulbs – buds with short stems, modified compacted leaves for food storage, and epithelial tissue between each leaf. Runners – stems that grow above ground in vegetative reproduction. t stems, modified compacte d leaves for food storage, and epithelial tissue between each leaf. Runner Eye Vegetative reproduction – asexual reproduction where a plant can make a copy of itself that is genetically identical.

Cuttings