 The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

 Episodic where were you when…?  Generic (Semantic) what you learn in classes  Procedural skills you’ve learned

Three step process…. 1. Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. 2. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. 3. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning.

 Primacy Effect  Recency Effect  Serial Positioning Effect  Activity!

Tired Pillow Snooze Drowsy Naptime Weary Bedspread Slumber Doze Dream Sandman Blanket Siesta Moonlight Yawn Nighttime

 Primacy Effect: Tendency to recall initial items in a series of items  Recency Effect: Tendency to recall last items in a series of items  Serial Positioning Effect  More time to rehearse or most recent

Primacy Effect Recall % Serial Position of word Recency Effect

 How many of you remembered the word sleep ? (It wasn’t actually on the list)

 Flashbulb Memories  So surprising or significant, we mentally photographed its details  Context Dependent Memory  Same place, location (study in the same classroom)  State Dependent Memory  State of mind, mood, emotion

 Constructive Memory Memories are not always what they seem Elizabeth Loftus (video) A constructed memory is a created memory Misinformation effect

 Maintenance Rehearsal  Repeating information over and over again  Elaborative Rehearsal  More effective, like using the word in a sentence rather than just repeating it  Organizational Systems  Schemas!

 Sensory  Short-term  Long-term

 A memory system that very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original form  Accurate, photographic memories: iconic memory  Vast capacity, very short duration (about 30 sec.)  Exists for all of our senses

 All of you have experienced it: You’re not paying attention & someone asks you a question. You ask, “what?” but before they answer you hear the question.

“Working Memory” The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds We recall digits better than letters

 Unlimited storehouse of information  Explicit (declarative) memories  Implicit (non-declarative) memories

 Episodic  Semantic

 Procedural  Conditioned HM Video

 HM maintained excellent working memory, but obviously could not form new long-term memories.  Other cases studies show opposite results.

 Tasks  Recognition  Recall  Relearning

 you must identify the target from possible targets  multiple-choice tests

 you must retrieve the information from your memory  fill-in-the blank or essay tests

 Sometimes we do not remember things we once knew  I may not remember Calculus, but I can probably relearn it quicker than before

Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information. Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information. Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name

 Infantile  You cannot remember things before about age 3, but you think you do  Babies live in the present, and aren’t developed  Only episodic amnesia, not procedural!  Anterograde  Prevents new memories to form  Retrograde  Cannot remember before the accident at all

 Chunking  CIAFBINYPDABCTNT CIA FBI NYPD ABC TNT  Drill & Practice  Flashcards  Relate it to something you already know  Unusual Associations  Mnemonics (multiple kinds)  Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism OCEAN