1. Memory

2. What is memory? The persistence

3. Information Processing Model of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval

4. Information Processing Model of Memory Encoding –Processing information into the memory system (i.e., extracting meaning) Automatic vs. Effortful processing Visual encoding –Encoding of Acoustic encoding –Encoding of Semantic encoding –Encoding of )

5. Information Processing Model of Memory Storage –The retention of encoded information over time Retrieval –Process of getting information out of memory

6. Recallvs.Recognition (#2) Person must retrieveMeasure of memory Relearning – material once

7. Information Processing Model of Memory

8. Sensory Register Immediate, initial recording of sensory info in memory system – info is either processed or lost –Iconic Visual Echoic Auditory – hold for 3-6 sec.

9. Information Processing Model of Memory Short Term Memory (STM) –a.k.a. – “working memory” –Limited capacity, but very accurate type of memory that lasts from a few seconds to ~ ½ min. “Magic number” 7+/-2 –Varies by individual Rehearsal – conscious repetition »Ex. – phone number –maintain in consciousness –encode for storage or will be forgotten

10. “Chunking” NBC CIA FBI PBS

11. Serial Position Test Listen to the list of words that I will read aloud. When I give you the cue, try to write down as many as you can remember. (#6)

12. Information Processing Model of Memory Long Term Memory (LTM) –Relatively permanent, limitless type of memory Implicit Memory – without conscious recall –Procedural – motor/cognitive skills (how to do things) –Dispositional – classical/operant conditioning Explicit (Declarative) Memory – conscious recall –Semantic – facts, names –Episodic – personally experienced events »“flashbulb” memory – clear memory of emotionally significant moment/event (i.e. JFK, 9/11)

13. Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects

14. Memory Strategies Imagery Visualization – loci method Mnemonics Chunking Hierarchies Overlearning “Spacing Effect” Multi-sensory Elaborate

15. Retrieval Cues Priming –Activation (usually unconscious) of particular associations in memory ex - Seeing rabbit primes spelling of spoken word as hare, not hair Context Effects –More likely to remember things in similar context to when they were learned Mood-congruent memory –Tendency to remember experiences consistent w/ current mood State-dependent memory

16. False Memories / Deja Vu cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier, similar experience

17. Forgetting Can be result of failure in encoding, storage, or retrieval (#10) Storage Decay 123451015202530 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 Time in days since learning list Percentage of list retained when relearning Ebbinghaus’ “forgetting curve” 80% of what we learn is lost within 24 hours without recitation/review 79% of remaining 20% is forgotten within 2- 6 weeks without recitation/review We typically lose 85% of what we learn within 3 months

18. Forgetting Chemicals Voluntary drugs Nicotine (+), caffeine (+) Marijuana (-), alcohol (-) Involuntary drugs Amnesia Infantile Anterograde Retrograde Severe trauma Repression Disease (i.e. – Alzheimer’s) Interference Proactive Retroactive (#11) (Positive Transfer – helpful) Distortion or construction