1. Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

2. Encoding The processing of information into the memory system.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party

3. Storage The retention of encoded material over time.
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.

4. Retrieval
The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure).
Finding your document and opening it up.

5. Three Box Model of Memory

6. Sensory Memory
A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information.
Sperling’s research on Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory

7. Process of Encoding: 2 Types
Effortful
Automatic

8. Types of Encoding Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
space
time
frequency
well-learned information
word meanings
we can learn automatic processing
reading backwards

9. Effortful Processing
Effortful Processing: type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Ex: Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc.
Encoding can be aided by maintenance rehearsal: simple rote repetition of information in consciousness or even more successfully by elaborate rehearsal: processing of information for meaning which can more easily help produce long term memories.

10. Short Term Memory The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM.
Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically.
Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds.
We recall digits better than letters.

11. King of Memory Experiments is Hermann Ebbinghaus
Practice makes perfect! The more REHEARSAL done on day 1, the less needed on day 2.
The spacing effect! Studying over a long period of time produces a better retention rate. DON’T CRAM!

12. Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

13. Serial Positioning Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

14. The Ways we can encode…
Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.
Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning.

15. Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM
Mnemonic devices
ROY G BIV
Every Good Boy Does Fine Always
Fifty Nifty United States
Rehearsal

16. group like things together
CHUNKING
group like things together
How do you remember a phone #?
You CHUNK it!

17. Long Term Memory Unlimited storehouse of information.
Explicit (declarative) memories
Implicit (non-declarative) memories

18. How does our brain store long-term memories?
Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain.
They are not electrical (if the electrical activity were to shut down in your brain, then restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

19. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
The current theory of how our long-term memory works.
Memory has a neural basis.
LTP is an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
In other words, if you are trying to remember a phone number, the neurons are firing neurotransmitter through the synapse. The neuron gets used to firing in that pattern and essentially learns to fire in that distinct way. It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).

20. Explicit Memories Episodic Memories – specific life memories
Semantic Memories – general knowledge

21. Memory Formation
Memories formed easily in stressful and emotional situations
Brain uses more glucose (increases brain activity) and emotion/stress hormones (epinephrine & adrenaline)

22. Flashbulb Memory
A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Where were you when?
1. You heard about 9/11
2. You heard about the death of a family member
3. When Osama Bin Laden was killed

23. Implicit Memories
Procedural Memories (skill memories) – how you do things – remembered without conscious knowledge

24. The Hippocampus Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.
Left = Verbal
Right = Visual and Locations
The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the library which is our brain.

25. Cerebellum’s Role in Implicit Memory
Cerebellum: helps facilitate associate learning responses ie classical conditioning.
Cutting pathway to the cerebellum makes rabbits unable to learn conditioned responses.

26. Prospective and Retrogressive Memory (NOT IN YOUR BOOK!)
Prospective Memory: remembering to do something in the future
Ex. I need to remember to get my wife an anniversary gift.
Retrospective Memory: remembering you already did something in the past
Ex. I already got my wife an anniversary gift

27. A Diagram For Your Viewing Pleasure
Types of
long-term
memories
Explicit
(declarative)
With conscious
recall
Implicit
(nondeclarative)
Without conscious
Facts-general
knowledge
(“semantic
memory”)
Personally
experienced
events
(“episodic
Skills-motor
and cognitive
Dispositions-
classical and
operant
conditioning
effects

28. Retrieval Recall Versus Recognition
you must retrieve the information from your memory
fill-in-the blank or essay tests
you must identify the target from possible targets
multiple-choice tests

29. Retrieval Cues
Priming: activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations of memory.

30. The Context Matters!!! Flashbulb Memories Mood Congruent Memory
State Dependent Memory