Do Now (3 min) Turn in your HW (Diabetes article questions, test corrections) Answer the following: 1.What do you know about diabetes? 2.What are some treatments you know of? 3.What are complications/consequences of the disease if it is untreated?

This week Today: Diabetes intro Tomorrow: Diabetes continued Wednesday: Review Thursday: 5-week assessment – DNA, HBS, HIPAA, Intro Diabetes Friday: End of quarter, no school

Diabetes: The Basics Biomedical Science November 3, 2014 Mr. Rahmani

Diabetes – What is it? Body is not producing or has lost sensitivity to insulin Insulin is a hormone that allows sugars (glucose) to enter into each cell of your body Insulin is produced in the body by the pancreas

Anatomy of the Pancreas A gland/organ that lies behind the stomach Secretes insulin from beta cells Secretes glucagon from alpha cells

Insulin & other hormones Insulin – hormone that lowers blood glucose Glucagon – hormone that increases blood glucose when needed Somatostatin – hormone that can suppress both insulin and glucagon when needed

How does Insulin work? A person normally secretes insulin in response to an elevated blood sugar level Insulin helps sugar move out of the blood and into cells Cells will not allow blood sugar in without insulin – this can cause a problem

Types of Diabetes Type I – body does not produce any insulin Type II – body is not making enough or is losing sensitivity to insulin Secondary – a consequence from another disease (Ex: pancreatitis, Cystic Fibrosis) Gestational Diabetes – Diabetes during pregnancy Pre-diabetes – an intermediate between normal and diabetes

Why isn’t the body making insulin? In type I, the body has made a big mistake – It attacks the beta cells and kills them In type II, the pancreas is still making insulin, just not enough to keep up; or their bodies have become insulin resistant

Type I Usually diagnosed in children and young adults Must take daily insulin shots Accounts for 5-10% of the diabetic population

Type II The more common form of the disease Approximately 50% of men and 70% of women are obese when diagnosed Nearing epidemic proportions – Increased # of older Americans – Greater occurrence of obesity – Sedentary lifestyles

Symptoms Polyphasia – Excessive eating Polyurea – Excessive urination Polydypsia – excessive fluid intake Blurred vision Poor wound healing

Diagnosis <110 mg/dl is normal fasting blood glucose mg/dl is impaired fasting glucose >126 mg/dl is diagnosed as diabetes (fasting blood glucose) Glucose tolerance testing: 200+ mg/dl at 2- hour mark

Complications Excess sugar in blood damages blood vessels and filtering systems (leading to nerve damage) Causes issues with: – Kidney – Heart – Nerve Damage – Feet – Eyes

Blood glucose monitoring Diabetics must keep track of blood glucose levels Check several times a day Gives diabetic good indication of what affects their blood sugar and how

Oral Medications Sulfonylurea- stimulates body to make more insulin Metformin – lowers blood sugar by helping insulin work better

Hypoglycemia Low Blood Sugar Happens to everyone with diabetes Symptoms: Shakiness, dizziness, sweating, hunger, headache, tingling sensations

Treatment - hypoglycemia Sugar! Fruit juice, candy, glucose tablets If untreated, patient could pass out

Hyperglycemia High blood sugar Not enough insulin Too much food Too little exercise

Testing Glucose Tolerance Test – Glucose Tolerance Testing (Gateway) monitors the amount of sugar in the liquid portion of blood called plasma, over a set time period and gives doctors information as to how the body utilizes sugar Insulin Level Testing – The level of insulin in the blood helps doctors further define a diagnosis of diabetes. Type 1 diabetics do not produce insulin. Type 2 diabetics produce insulin, but the body does not permit this hormone to effectively do its job.

In-class Assignment Answer the following conclusion questions: 1.Describe how Glucose Tolerance Testing can be used to diagnose diabetes. 2.Explain why insulin injections are not the course of treatment for all diabetics. 3.Explain how lifestyle choices can impact a person’s risk for developing diabetes. 4.What do you think it means if doctors say that a person is “pre-diabetic”? 5.Using information from this activity, explain the basic relationship between insulin and glucose.

In-class Assignment Create a Venn Diagram comparing Type I and Type II Diabetes. – Each section must have at least 3 statements Using Anna’s Medical History, diagnose her as non-diabetic, type I, or type II. Explain why using test results. (1 paragraph)