1. Blood glucose level 1/Regulation of blood glucose levels - high levels of blood glucose - low levels of blood glucose 2/ Effect of chronic elevated blood glucose levels 3/ Diagnosis of diabetes

2. Watch this video as an introduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-3N7w2sWps How is blood glucose concentration monitored? Blood glucose concentration is monitored by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Through which hormones produced by the pancreas is blood glucose levels controlled? Insulin and glucagon Which word described the opposite effect of these hormones on blood glucose level? Antagonistic Which other hormone has a role in controlling blood glucose levels? Adrenaline (Epinephrine) The regulation of glucose is an example of what? Negative feedback control

3. High levels of blood glucose How does the pancreas respond to high levels of blood glucose? Pancreatic receptors respond to high blood glucose levels by causing secretion of insulin. What is the effect of insulin? Insulin activates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver decreasing blood glucose concentration. Low levels of blood glucose How does the pancreas respond to low levels of blood glucose? Pancreatic receptors respond to low blood glucose levels by causing secretion of glucagon. What is the effect of glucagon? Glucagon activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver increasing blood glucose level In which circumstances adrenaline (epinephrine) is interfering with the regulation of blood glucose levels? During exercise and fight or flight responses.

4. What is the effect of adrenaline (epinephrine) on insulin and glucagon secretion? Epinephrine overrides the normal control of blood glucose level by stimulating glucagon secretion and inhibiting insulin secretion. What is the result of stimulating glucagon secretion and inhibiting insulin secretion? The promotion of the breakdown of glycogen and more glucose being available to supply the energy needed for muscle contractions. Once the emergency is over, which hormone brings back the blood level of glucose to normal? Insulin

5. Diagnosis, treatments and the role of insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. What is diabetes? Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes a person's blood sugar level to become too high. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ae_jC4FDOUc Type 1 diabetes When in a life time does type 1 diabetes usually occur? In childhood What is the effect of diabetes type 1? A person with type 1 diabetes is unable to produce insulin. How is it treated? Type 1 diabetes is treated with regular injections of insulin.

6. Type 2 diabetes When in a life time does type 2 diabetes usually occur? Type 2 diabetes or adult onset diabetes typically develops later in life. What is often the characteristic of people with type 2 diabetes? They are mainly overweight. How does diabetes type 2 manifests itself? Individuals produce insulin but their cells are less sensitive to it. What is the name given to a reduced sensitivity to insulin? Insulin resistance What is it linked to? To a decrease in the number of insulin receptors in the liver leading to a failure to convert glucose to glycogen.

7. Blood glucose level 1/Regulation of blood glucose levels - high levels of blood glucose - low levels of blood glucose 2/ Effect of chronic elevated blood glucose levels 3/ Diagnosis of diabetes

8. What is a cause of chronic elevation of blood glucose levels? Untreated diabetes What is the effect of chronic elevation of blood glucose levels? Atherosclerosis and vascular disease can be a chronic complication of diabetes. How does vascular disease develops due to chronic elevation of blood glucose levels? It leads to the endothelium cells taking in more glucose than normal damaging the blood vessels. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UkXnEjv7x4 http://www.clearlyhealth.com/videos/diabetes/introduction What are the consequence of atherosclerosis on the body due to untreated diabetes? Like for any type of atherosclerosis, it can lead to cardio vascular disease, stroke or peripheral vascular disease. More typically for diabetes, small blood vessels damaged by elevated glucose levels may result in haemorrhage of blood vessels in the retina, renal failure or peripheral nerve dysfunction.

9. Blood glucose level 1/Regulation of blood glucose levels - high levels of blood glucose - low levels of blood glucose 2/ Effect of chronic elevated blood glucose levels 3/ Diagnosis of diabetes

10. What happens after a meal in both types of diabetes? Individual blood glucose levels will rise rapidly after a meal. Which organ is unable to cope with this rise in blood glucose level? The kidneys. What is the consequence? Glucose is being lost in the urine. What test is therefore an indicator of diabetes? Testing urine for glucose. Be careful, this is only an indicator, not a diagnosis. What test is used to diagnose diabetes and how is it done? The glucose tolerance test. The blood glucose levels of the individual are measured after fasting and two hours after drinking 250– 300 ml of glucose solution.