The Ottoman Empire Expands

Topkapi Palace Model

The Actual Topkapi Palace

Topkapi Harem

It’s Good to Be the Sultan!

Topkapi “Fruit Room”

Topkapi’s Great Craftsmenship

Ottoman Empire  1700s armies had fallen behind in technology and strength  Fought with Russians for Balkans and Black Sea  Central government was less effective  Provinces becoming independent relying on private armies

Ottoman Empire  Decrease trade and losing territory, because Europe could trade directly with China  Became reliant on foreign loans and gave European capitulations

Ottoman Empire  Muhammad Ali ( ) of Egypt seized power after Napoleon  Built a powerful army & sponsored industrialization of cotton textiles and armaments  He transformed Egypt into a crucially strategic location and link, because of the Suez Canal

The Decline of the Empire: 18c

Greek War for Independence:

Ottoman Empire  Mahmud II tried to reform: (1808–1839)  Army  Secondary education  Roads, telegraph, and postal service  Tanzimat Era  French legal system as a guide for laws  Public trials and equality above sharia

Ottoman Empire  Attempted change, but remained weak and vulnerable  GB & France actually try to keep it a float worried that Russia would gobble it up  GB will gain control of Egypt in 1883

Crimean War: The “Sick Man of Europe”!

The Ottoman Empire in 1914

Ottoman Empire  Opposition to Reforms  religious conservatives and the Ottoman bureaucracy  Young Turks—pushed for universal suffrage, equality before the law, and emancipation of women  1908—coup overthrew sultan and set up a “puppet” government

Sultan Abdul Hamid II: The Last Ottoman Emperor!

The Young Turks Revolt: 1908  The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).  Mehmet Talaat  Grand Vizier,  Enver Pasha  Minister of War  Ottoman Commander- in-Chief

The Young Turks Program  Pushed for reforms  basic democratic rights:  freedom of speech.  freedom of assembly.  freedom of the press.  Problem of nationalism within (heterogeneous empire).

Two Armed Camps Central Powers: Allied Powers:

World War I Alliances:

Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WW1

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( )  Republican People’s Party Goals:  republicanism (National Assembly).  nationalism (“Turkification”).  populism (for the benefit of the people).  statism (state-controlled economy).  secularism (free from religious control).  reformism.  1924  abolished the caliphate.

Atatürk’s Reforms 1. “Turkify” the Islamic faith  Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.  Secular education.  Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished.  Sharia courts closed  new secular courts. 2. Western-style clothing  Forbid the wearing of the fez   Western-style men’s suits.  Attacked the veiling of women.

Atatürk’s Reforms 3. Language Reform:  Roman alphabet replaced the Arabic script.  Literacy in new alphabet required for government positions. 4. State Socialism:  State banks established to finance government-controlled businesses. 5. Adoption of a Surname.