1. Pre-Class: Similarity between Atatürk, Muhammad Ali and Reza Khan

2. Middle East: Imperialism and Nationalism

3. Imperialism & Nationalism
Imperialism: control of one country of the political, economic and cultural life of another country
Mandate: region ruled by outside power: any territory that was placed by the League of Nations under the administration of one of its European member states after World War I
Nationalism: desire for political independence: 
especially by a country under foreign control or
by a people with a separate identity and culture but no state of their own
Relationship?
Cause and effect

4. “The Sick Man of Europe”
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Ottoman Empire faces major challenges from the following nations/people:
Austria-Hungary – rival power in Europe
Russia – rival power in Europe and Asia
BOTH want territory from the Ottomans
3. Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians living within Ottoman Empire
These people wanted INDEPENDENCE from Ottomans

5. “The Sick Man of Europe”
France and England alarmed by Ottoman decline; believe it will give Russia too much power in Europe and Middle East
They call Ottomans “The Sick Man of Europe”

6. Ottoman Empire #1 Challenges to the Ottoman Empire:
Imperialism: external
Russia and Austria-Hungary wanted Ottoman provinces in Europe –encouraged revolts
Nationalism: internal
National groups within the empire sought independence
Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians

7. #2 Sultans try to Reforms of the Ottoman Empire
Reforms to modernize the government & the army
Like west
Set up secular schools to teach students western ideas in science and technology
SECULAR: nonreligious
WERE REFORMS SUCCESSFUL?
Reforms didn’t go smoothly
Many Sultans refused demands

8. # 3 YOUNG TURKS
Young army officers who wanted to Reform/strengthen the Ottoman Government – against the Sultans and put their own Sultan in place
were nationalists: #4
Set up a puppet government with a new Sultan
Ended Ottoman tolerance of different cultures and religions
Turkification of ethnic minorities
Joined WWI on side of Germans

9. # 4 Young Turks support Turkish Nationalism
Wanted to end western imperialism
Wanted to abandon diversity of culture and religions
Followed a brutal policy of genocide that cause the death of hundreds of thousands of Armenians.

10. Resting after battle during Turkish revolution

11. The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Massacre 1915
Ottomans (Turkey) and Russia fight for control of Armenia in
After Russians withdraw, Turks seize territory and punish Armenians for their support of Russia
Turks institute policy of massacre and famine, known as The Armenian Genocide
As many as 1.5 million Armenians are killed
Armenian Genocide Video
60 Minutes Armenian Genocide 2010

12. The Last Ottoman Emperor!
Mehmed VI
The Last Ottoman Emperor!

13. #5 What happened to the Ottoman Empire after WWI?
The Ottoman empire sided with Germany against Russia, Britain and France.
Defeat brought disaster to the Empire.
1919 the Versailles peace conference stripped the Ottoman Empire of its Arab provinces.
MANDATE: TERRITORY THAT WAS ADMINISTERED BUT NOT OWNED BY A MEMBER OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN)

15. Republic of Turkey 1923
Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and Austria-Hungary during World War I.
Turkey loses World War I. ALL of its remaining territories outside Anatolia are lost
Mustafa Kemal, a Turkish general and war hero, abolishes the Ottoman Empire and sets up a modern, secular state

16. #6 Who was Kemal Atatürk? Atatürk = Father of the Turk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – military hero
Declared the Republic of Turkey (1923)

17. #7 What did Kemal want to do?
Determined to make Turkey a modern secular state – Program of Westernization

18. Reforms of Atatürk

19. #7 What did Kemal want to do?
He used government funds to build industry
Insisted on separation of religion and government
Women won the right to vote & hold public office
Adopted many features of western culture
Replaced Arabic script with the western alphabet, western calendar, metric system
He encouraged western-style clothing

20. A woman judge holding court in Turkey
A woman judge holding court in Turkey, exemplifying the reforms in the rights of women instituted by Mustapha Kemal between 1924 and 1938.

21. Turkey Adopting a New Alphabet
Atatürk turned Turkey toward the west in several ways, changing the calendar, methods of time-keeping, and systems of weights and measures. He replaced the Arabic script with the Roman alphabet. Here a teacher is explaining the new alphabet to students. Within the next few months, teachers were retrained, printing presses were equipped and courses were established to teach the masses the new alphabet. A three-year plan was enacted. The literacy rates during this time increased from around 10% to 75% for men and 45% for women.

22. #8 Who opposed Atatürk? Muslims opposed Atatürk’s policies
Concerned that the western ways would destroy their traditions and values
Opposed Westernization:
the diffusion and adoption of European and American cultures

23. Quick Check
The peace settlements after World War I angered the Arabs because 1. the Ottoman Empire was restored to power 2. Arab nationalism was outlawed 3. European nations acquired mandates over various Arab lands 4. Theodore Herzl was made ruler of Palestine

24. Quick Check
Atatürk is best remembered for 1. ending European imperialism in Egypt. 2. modernizing Turkey. 3. overthrowing the Safavid Empire. 4. forcing the crusaders to leave Jerusalem.

25. Rise of Modern Egypt
Ottomans lose control of Egypt in the late 18th century
England and France (Napoleon) fight for control over Egypt

26. Rise of Modern Egypt Rivalry between Britain and France (#9)
Both countries wanted to dominate Egypt and build a canal across the Isthmus of Suez

27. Rise of Modern Egypt -he was a soldier who fought against the French
(#10) Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) becomes governor of Egypt
-he was a soldier who fought against the French
He introduced reforms to modernize Egypt
Brought in French experts to train Egyptians in latest military & science techniques
Introduced new farming techniques & promoted growing cash crops like cotton, sugar & tobacco
textile mills
Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)

28. #11 Developments encouraging Nationalism in Egypt
Financial problems allowed imperialists to intervene
Had to borrow money from European banks to continue policies (debt)
Lost control of the Suez Canal
Lost control of own economy

29. Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)
Map of the Suez Canal

30. The Suez Canal
Egypt borrows large sums of money from England and France to pay for Ali’s policies
England and France interfere in Egyptian economy and politics
French win the right to build Suez Canal; is completed in 1869

31. British Occupation
Egyptians attempt to take back control of their country from Britain and France
Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882
Egypt finally gains independence in 1922, but Suez Canal remains under British control until 1956

32. Suez Canal #12 Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882
Egypt declared their independence from Britain in 1922
Egypt gained control of
the Suez Canal in 1956

33. Quick Check
A similarity between Muhammad Ali and Atatürk was that both 1. wanted to build the Suez Canal 2. encouraged Islamic fundamentalism. 3. introduced western technology to their countries. 4. fought against the Allies in World War I.

35. #13 Challenges Iran faced
European imperialism
Russia and Britain both compete for influence in Iran (ancient Persia)
Both want access to the Persian Gulf (sound familiar?)
spheres of influence - oil controlled by Britain
Shahs (king) were weak
Government lacked power to resist European expansion

36. #14 Pahlavi Dynasty By early 1900’s, nationalists demand reform
Reza Khan declared Iran’s independence & set up Pahlavi Dynasty
Military leader
He made himself shah
In 1925, Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi dynasty. He established a system of government that revitalized the goals of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran

37. Reza Shah Pahlavi ( )

38. #15 Reza Khan’s Goals
He set out to end foreign control and create a modern industrial state
Reduce Muslim clergy power
He pursued these goals by modernizing and westernizing
Improved infrastructure
Rights for women, western education, government and laws

39. Arab Nationalism Ottomans lose Arab lands after World War I
Britain and France gain control of most of these territories, angering the Arabs
Britain: receives Iraq, Transjordan, & Palestine
France: gets Syria and Lebanon
Mandate – arrangement granting control, but not ownership, of these territories to Britain and France

40. Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), the legendary and enigmatic "Lawrence of Arabia."
British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule in 1916.
T. E. Lawrence, a British officer, leads them. Is known as Lawrence of Arabia
Is angered when British do not grant Arabs independence

42. #16 Causes of Arab Nationalism
WWI
Felt betrayed because provinces now became mandates
Britain and France unwilling to withdrawl because of oil
Some independence for Arabs

43. #17 Similarity between Atatürk, Muhammad Ali and Reza Khan
they all tried to create modern industrialized nations and end foreign influence
Nationalist Leaders