1. Pre-Class List three reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire:
Government corruption
Continuous struggles for succession
Lost monopoly of trade routes to India and China
Ottoman Empire failed to industrialize

2. Imperialism and Nationalism

3. “The Sick Man of Europe”
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Ottoman Empire faces major challenges from the following nations/people:
Austria-Hungary – rival power in Europe
Russia – rival power in Europe and Asia
BOTH want territory from the Ottomans
3. Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, Armenians, and Bulgarians living within Ottoman Empire
These people wanted INDEPENDENCE from Ottomans

4. Rise and Decline of Ottoman Empire
hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter28 /interactive_map_quiz.html

5. “The Sick Man of Europe”
France and England alarmed by Ottoman decline; believe it will give Russia too much power in Europe and Middle East
They call Ottomans “The Sick Man of Europe”

6. Reform Attempts
Sultans in the 1800’s attempt to modernize the Ottoman Empire:
Overhaul government and army
Set up new schools to teach Western science and technology
Efforts are not successful, and in 1908, the Sultan is overthrown by a group that wants more change
This group was known as The Young Turks

7. Young Turks Young Turks were nationalists:
Set up a puppet government with a new Sultan
Ended Ottoman tolerance of different cultures and religions
Fought numerous wars in the Balkans against Greeks, Serbs, and Bulgarians

8. Resting after battle during Turkish revolution

9. The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Massacre
Ottomans (Turkey) and Russia fight for control of Armenia in
After Russians withdraw, Turks seize territory and punish Armenians for their support of Russia; seek to expel them from Turkey
Turks institute policy of massacre and famine, known as The Armenian Genocide
Between 1915 and 1922, Armenian loss of life estimated to be near 1.5 million

10. Republic of Turkey 1923
Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and Austria- Hungary during World War I.
Turkey loses World War I. ALL of its remaining territories outside Anatolia are lost
Mustafa Kemal, a Turkish general and war hero, abolishes the Ottoman Empire and sets up a modern, secular state

11. Reforms of Attaturk
Mustafa Kemal later known as Kemal Attaturk, or “father of the Turks”
Builds industries to compete with Western powers
Separates religion from government
Replaces Islamic law with Western laws
Women given right to vote and hold public office
Replaces Arabic script with Latin alphabet

12. Reforms of Attaturk

13. A woman judge holding court in Turkey
A woman judge holding court in Turkey, exemplifying the reforms in the rights of women instituted by Mustapha Kemal between 1924 and 1938.

14. Turkey Adopting a New Alphabet
Atatürk turned Turkey toward the west in several ways, changing the calendar, methods of time-keeping, and systems of weights and measures. He replaced the Arabic script with the Roman alphabet. Here a teacher is explaining the new alphabet to students. Within the next few months, teachers were retrained, printing presses were equipped and courses were established to teach the masses the new alphabet. A three-year plan was enacted. The literacy rates during this time increased from around 10% to 75% for men and 45% for women.

15. Rise of Modern Egypt
Ottomans lose control of Egypt in the late 18th century
England and France (Napoleon) fight for control over Egypt

16. Rise of Modern Egypt
Muhammad Ali
1805, Muhammad Ali, an Albanian soldier who fought against the French, became governor of Egypt
Ali invited French experts to train Egyptians in the latest European military and scientific techniques
Established new farming methods,
improved irrigation, and promoted the growing of cash crops : cotton, sugar, and tobacco
Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)

17. The Suez Canal
Egypt borrows large sums of money from England and France to pay for Ali’s policies
England and France interfere in Egyptian economy and politics
French win the right to build Suez Canal; is completed in 1869

18. British Occupation
Egyptians attempt to take back control of their country from Britain and France
Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882
Egypt finally gains independence in 1922, but Suez Canal remains under British control until 1956

20. Struggle for Iran
Russia and Britain both compete for influence in Iran (ancient Persia)
Both want access to the Persian Gulf (sound familiar?)
Iranian leaders (shahs) are weak. By early 1900’s, nationalists demand reform
Reza Shah Pahlavi ( )

21. Struggle for Iran
1925; Reza Khan, an army officer, set up the Pahlavi dynasty and made himself shah
Khan set out to end foreign control and create a modern industrial state; built roads, factories, modernized the army, and reduced power of Muslim clergy
Men and women adopted western clothing, women gained more freedom to move about in public, schools emphasized western courses of study, and government used western models for its law code

22. Arab Nationalism Ottomans lose Arab lands after World War I
Britain and France gain control of most of these territories, angering the Arabs
Britain: receives Iraq, Transjordan, & Palestine
France: gets Syria and Lebanon
Mandate – arrangement granting control, but not ownership, of these territories to Britain and France

23. Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), the legendary and enigmatic "Lawrence of Arabia."
British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule in 1916.
T. E. Lawrence, a British officer, leads them. Is known as Lawrence of Arabia
Is angered when British do not grant Arabs independance

25. Zionism
During 1920s and 1930s, British mandate of Palestine became the center of conflict between Jewish and Arab nationalists
Anti-Semitism – hatred and fear of Jews
Anti-Semitism increased in Europe, making many Jews wish to return to their ancient homeland; this movement was known as Zionism
AD. 70: Jews dreamed of returning to Palestine since the time of the Diaspora
Were encouraged and led by Theodor Herzl

26. The Balfour Declaration: 1917
In 1917, the British government, which controls Palestine through its mandate, issues the Balfour Declaration:
“His Majesty’s Government views with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people…it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…”

27. The Balfour Declaration: 1917
Jewish settlers in Palestine: 1918
Theodor Herzl (1860 – 1904)

28. Imperialism & Nationalism Graphic Organizer
Ottoman Empire:
Iran (Safavids) (1925)
Reform Leader –
Struggles with Imperialist Powers -
Egypt (1800’s – 1922)
Reform Leader -
Goals -
Turkey (1923)
Reform Leader (s): -
Conflicts: -
Palestine (1800’s – 1948)
Explain:
Mandate -
Origins of Conflict -