1. The "Sick Man
of Europe"
1600s
Ottoman Empire

3. The Luxurious Lifestyle of the Sultans in Topkapi Palace

4. Topkapi Harem

6. Reasons for Decline Internal
Less centralized
Urban riots, rebellion
Increased crime
Armies deprived of needed resources
Corruption
Inflation and rising unemployment
Social unrest in part because of decline in craft industry
Ineffective leaders
Less severe
Less sensitive to public opinion
Low quality
Ending of fratricide led to unprepared leaders

7. Reasons for Decline External
Ottoman possessions irresistible to neighbors
Unrest by Christian people in Balkans
No longer a threat to Austria-Hungary
Competition for trade from Americas, India, and the Far East
Development of other trade routes
Loss of territories
Economic dependence on European political rivalries

8. Loss of Territory 1683 failure to capture Vienna
1699 Hungary lost to the Ottomans
Empire lasts two more centuries because of balance of power
Sauds in Arabia
French in Algeria
1830 Greek Independence
Crimean War points out weaknesses of empire

9. Greek War for Independence: 1821-1832

10. The “Sick Man of Europe”!
Crimean War:
The “Sick Man of Europe”!

11. Attempts at Reform 1856-1876 Hatt-I-Humayun
Purpose—national citizenship for all within empire
Abolished civil authority of religious hierarchs
Equality before the law guaranteed
Eligibility to public office without regard to religion
Army open to Christians and Muslims
Tax reform
Abolition of torture
Prison reforms
End of corruption of public officials
Increased tension with ruling elite

12. Reforms Fail Resistance against such radical changes
Few Turks with skill or experience
Sultan Abdul Aziz recklessly overborrows
Sultan deposed 1876
Midhat Pasha-reform minister
New constitution 1876
1877 Turkish Parliament meets

13. Abdul Hamid II Midhat gone Parliament gone Constitution gone
Paranoid about anything he could not understand
Tried to impose absolutism
Restricted civil liberties
Continued to push for westernization in some areas

14. Young Turks lived in exile plotting revenge
Determined to restore Constitution of 1876
1908 coup with military support
Sultan figurehead
Infighting among officers who led coup
Wars in Balkans

15. The Young Turks Program
Pushed for reforms  basic democratic rights:
freedom of speech.
freedom of assembly.
freedom of the press.
Problem of nationalism within (heterogeneous empire).

16. Massacres 1876 and 1915

17. Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878 Pan-Slavism
Insurrection Bosnia 1875 and Bulgaria 1876
Russia declares war
Treaty of San Stefano
jingoism

18. Egypt and Suez Canal

19. The Ottoman Empire in 1914

20. Two Armed Camps
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:

21. World War I Alliances: 1914-1918

22. Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WWI

23. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)
Republican People’s Party Goals:
National Assembly
nationalism (“Turkification”).
state-controlled economy
secularism
reform
1924  abolished the caliphate.

24. Atatürk’s Reforms “Turkify” the Islamic faith
Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.
Secular education.
Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished.
Sharia courts closed  new secular courts.
Western-style clothing
Forbid the wearing of the fez 
Western-style men’s suits.
Attacked the veiling of women.

25. Atatürk’s Reforms Adoption of a Surname. Language Reform:
Roman alphabet replaced the Arabic script.
Literacy in new alphabet required for government positions.
State Socialism:
State banks established to finance government-controlled businesses.
Adoption of a Surname.