Chapter 16 Section 1: The War Begins

Americans Choose Sides: Furious at Lincoln’s election and fearing a federal invasion, ____ southern states had seceded. The new commander in chief tried desperately to save the Union. In his inaugural address, Lincoln promised not to ___ slavery where it existed. However, Lincoln also stated his intention to ____ the Union. If the Union and it’s government failed, monarchs around the world could say that people cannot rule themselves. In fact, after decades of painful ____, the Union was badly broken. Confederate officials began seizing branches of the ____ mint, arsenals, and military outposts. In the highly charged atmosphere, it would take only a ___ to unleash the heat of war.

Americans Choose Sides: In 1861, that spark occurred at ___ ____, a federal outpost in Charleston, SC, that was attacked by Confederate troops, beginning the Civil War. Determined to seize the fortress – which ____ the entrance to Charleston harbor- the Confederates ringed the harbor with heavy guns. Instead of ____ the fort, Lincoln decided to send in ships to provide badly needed ____ to defend the fort. Before sunrise on April 12, 1861, Confederate guns opened fire on Fort Sumter. The Civil War had ___. The fort, although massive, stood little chance. It’s heavy guns faced the ___ ___, not the shore. After 34 hours of cannon blasts, Fort Sumter ____.

Reaction to Lincoln’s Call: The fall of Fort Sumter ___ the North. Lincoln declared the South to be in a state of rebellion and asked state governors for 75,000 militiamen to put down the rebellion. States had to now choose their sides. Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas, speaking in ___ of Lincoln’s call for troops, declared, “There can be no neutrals in this war, only patriots – or traitors.” PA, NJ, and the states ____ of them rallied to the president’s call. The crucial slave states of the Upper South – NC, TN, VA, and AR – seceded. They provided ____ and supplies to the South. Wedged between the North and the South were the key ___ ___ of DE, KY, MD, and MI separated from the ___ capital, Washington, D.C., from the North. People in the border states were deeply ___ on the war. Lincoln’s wife Mary Todd had 4 brothers from Kentucky who fought for the South. Lincoln sent federal troops into the border states to help keep them in the ____.

Northern Resources: Numbers tell an important story about the Civil War. Consider the North’s ____. It could draw soldiers and workers from a population of 22 million. The South had only __ million people to draw from. One of the greatest advantages in the North was the region’s network of roads, canals, and ____. Some 22,000 miles of railroad track could move soldiers and supplies throughout the North. The South had only about ____ miles of track. In the North, the Civil War stimulated ____ growth. To supply the military, the production of coal, iron, wheat, and wool increased. Exports to Europe also doubled. In the South, the export of resources ___ because of the Union Blockade. Finally, the Union had ___. It had a more developed economy, banking system, and a currency called greenbacks. The South started printing it’s own money, as well as individual state dollars. This led to financial ___. General Winfield Scott developed a two-part strategy: 1) destroy the South’s economy with a ___ blockade of Southern ports. 2) Gain control of the MS River to ___ the South.

Southern Resources: The Confederacy had ___ as well. With its strong military tradition, the South put many brilliant ___ into battle. Southern farms provided food for its armies. The South’s best advantage, however, was ____. It needed only to defend itself until the North grew tired of fighting. The North had to invade and ___ the South. To accomplish this, the Union army had to travel huge distances. For example, the distance from northern VA to central GA is about the length of Scotland and ____ combined. Because of distances such as this, the North had to maintain long supply lines. In addition, wilderness covered much of the South. Armies found this land ____ to cross. Also, in VA, many of the rivers ran from east to west. Because of this, they formed a natural defense against an army that attacked from the north to the south. As a result, Northern generals were often forced to attack Confederate troops from the ___ rather than from the front.

Southern Resources: The South hoped to wear down the North and to capture Washington D.C. Confederate president Jefferson Davis also tried to win foreign allies through ____ _____. This was the idea that Great Britain would support the Confederacy because it needed the South’s raw cotton to supply its ____ textile industry. Cotton diplomacy did not work as the South had hoped. Britain had ___ supplies of cotton, and it got more from India and Egypt.

Volunteer Armies: Volunteer militias had sparked the ____ that created the United States. Now they would battle for its future. At the start of the war, the Union army only had ____ soldiers. Within months that number had swelled to a half million. Southern men rose up to defend their land and their ways of life. Helping the Troops: Civilians on both sides ___ those in uniform. They raised money, provided aid for soldiers and their families, and ran emergency hospitals. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to receive a ___ to practice medicine, organized a group that pressured Lincoln to form the U.S. Sanitary Commission in June Tens of thousands of ___ worked with the Sanitary to send bandages, medicines, and food to the Union army camps and hospitals. Some ____ women served as nurses in the Union army.

Training the Soldiers: Both the Union and Confederate armies faced _____ of clothing, food, and even rifles. Most troops lacked standard uniforms and simply wore their own clothes. Eventually, each side chose a ___ for their uniforms. The Union chose blue. The Confederates wore gray. The problem with volunteers was that many of them had no idea how to ___. Schoolteachers, farmers, and laborers all had to learn the combat ___ of marching, shooting, and using bayonets. Discipline and drill were used to turn raw volunteers into an ___ fighting machine. During a battle, the success or failure of a regiment often ____ on its discipline – how well it responded to orders. Volunteers also learned how to use ___. Eventually, soldiers were expected to be able to load, aim, and fire their rifles ___ times in one minute. The quality of the weapons provided __ greatly.