Chapter 15 Chapter Focus Question: How did a series of conflicts leave their mark on Europe in the Middle Ages?

Section 1 Focus Question: How did popes try to establish authority over kings?

Medieval Conflicts and Crusades ( ) Chapter 15, Sec. 1 A Study in Cooperation A Study in Cooperation After Roman Rule collapsed in Europe, the Christian Church became the center of Medieval life. After Roman Rule collapsed in Europe, the Christian Church became the center of Medieval life. Gradually kings restored law and order, but the popes claimed authority over all of Christendom. Gradually kings restored law and order, but the popes claimed authority over all of Christendom.

A Christian Ruler Charlemagne Charlemagne Devout Christian Devout Christian Victories were proof of God’s blessing Victories were proof of God’s blessing Ordered priests and nuns to live strictly by Church rules Ordered priests and nuns to live strictly by Church rules Scholars edited manuscripts to create a library Scholars edited manuscripts to create a library His advisors were drawn from the clergy His advisors were drawn from the clergy Encouraged all his subjects to live in perfect peace and charity Encouraged all his subjects to live in perfect peace and charity

Charlemagne wanted the title “emperor”. The title gave the ruler a special relationship with God. The only emperor recognized by the Church was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Charlemagne wanted the title “emperor”. The title gave the ruler a special relationship with God. The only emperor recognized by the Church was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire.

A Pope in Trouble Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor during a coronation or crowning ceremony in appreciation for being given protection when rivals tried to blind and remove him from office. Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor during a coronation or crowning ceremony in appreciation for being given protection when rivals tried to blind and remove him from office. The coronation strengthened the power of the Church in W. Europe by establishing the principle that only the pope could crown an emperor. The coronation strengthened the power of the Church in W. Europe by establishing the principle that only the pope could crown an emperor. The Byzantine emperor saw the above as an insult and created a growing division between the Eastern and Western Churches. The Byzantine emperor saw the above as an insult and created a growing division between the Eastern and Western Churches.

A Study in Conflict Pope v. Emperor

Charlemagne believed that God made him emperor in order to do God’s work and the Pope’s duty to assist him. Charlemagne believed that God made him emperor in order to do God’s work and the Pope’s duty to assist him. Pope Leo believed that the Church had made Charlemagne emperor, and therefore the emperor’s duty to assist the Church. Pope Leo believed that the Church had made Charlemagne emperor, and therefore the emperor’s duty to assist the Church. These views, 200 years later, led to a clash between the Emperor and Pope…

The Holy Roman Empire After the collapse of Charlemagne’s empire, the German lands to the east were divided among a number of dukes. The German king had little power over the nobles. Otto the Great decided to increase his power. He built a small empire by making alliances with other nobles. He persuaded the pope to crown him Holy Roman Emperor. He used the Church to support his authority.

A Strong-Willed Pope 1073 a monk named Hildebrand became Pope Gregory VII. He had strong ideas and issued a list of rules a monk named Hildebrand became Pope Gregory VII. He had strong ideas and issued a list of rules. He declared his supreme authority over both Church and secular leaders. He declared his supreme authority over both Church and secular leaders. He declared that the pope alone had the power to choose bishops. He declared that the pope alone had the power to choose bishops. He claimed the power to remove emperors from the throne. He claimed the power to remove emperors from the throne.

A Defiant Ruler A clash between the Pope and Henry IV occurred when Henry ignored the pope’s rules and named his own bishop for Milan, Italy. A clash between the Pope and Henry IV occurred when Henry ignored the pope’s rules and named his own bishop for Milan, Italy. In response the Pope appointed a rival bishop. In response the Pope appointed a rival bishop. Henry tried to remove the Pope. Henry tried to remove the Pope. The Pope excommunicated Henry and feed his subjects from their feudal oaths of loyalty. The Pope excommunicated Henry and feed his subjects from their feudal oaths of loyalty.

Across Europe, members of the clergy and secular rulers took sides. Across Europe, members of the clergy and secular rulers took sides. In an effort to end his (Henry’s) excommunication, Henry visited the pope and, as the story goes, was made to wait three days in the snow. The pope finally forgave him, but the conflict continued long after Pope Gregory and Henry had died. In an effort to end his (Henry’s) excommunication, Henry visited the pope and, as the story goes, was made to wait three days in the snow. The pope finally forgave him, but the conflict continued long after Pope Gregory and Henry had died. In 1122 the Church and the Holy Roman Empire reached an agreement called the Concordat of Worms. This agreement gave the Church the sole authority to appoint bishops. Emperors could give fiefs to bishops in order to win their loyalty. In 1122 the Church and the Holy Roman Empire reached an agreement called the Concordat of Worms. This agreement gave the Church the sole authority to appoint bishops. Emperors could give fiefs to bishops in order to win their loyalty.

Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta Sec. 2 Section Focus Question: How did the Norman Conquest set in motion a chain of events that changed English rule and law?

The Norman Conquest During the Viking expansion Norman’s settled in Normandy, France and the dukes became great feudal lords. In time they wanted new lands to rule…

Norman Claims on England The Normans were interested in England… The Normans were interested in England… England was ruled by a weak king, Edward the Confessor whose grandfather had been a Norman duke and he had grown up in Normandy. England was ruled by a weak king, Edward the Confessor whose grandfather had been a Norman duke and he had grown up in Normandy. The noble family the Godwins held the real power. The noble family the Godwins held the real power. On Edward’s deathbed he promised the crown to Harold Godwin, but William, duke of Normandy, claimed that Edward had already promised him the crown. Harold became king, but he faced rivals. On Edward’s deathbed he promised the crown to Harold Godwin, but William, duke of Normandy, claimed that Edward had already promised him the crown. Harold became king, but he faced rivals.

William the Conqueror In late September 1066, William of Normandy, became William the Conqueror. In late September 1066, William of Normandy, became William the Conqueror. Invaded southern England. Invaded southern England. He fought King Harold, killing Harold and his brothers, ending Anglo-Saxon rule in England. He fought King Harold, killing Harold and his brothers, ending Anglo-Saxon rule in England. On Christmas Day 1066, William was crowned king of England. On Christmas Day 1066, William was crowned king of England.

Norman Influence The Norman Conquest transformed England. The Norman Conquest transformed England. King William introduced a strong feudal system. King William introduced a strong feudal system. The Battle of Hastings wiped out many great Anglo- Saxon noble families. The Battle of Hastings wiped out many great Anglo- Saxon noble families. William gave their lands to 180 Norman barons, concentrating wealth and power in a very small group. William gave their lands to 180 Norman barons, concentrating wealth and power in a very small group. England now had a new ruling class. England now had a new ruling class.

Limits on Royal Power King John – King of England King John – King of England Descendant of William the Conqueror. Descendant of William the Conqueror. 1199, a new ruler became king of England. 1199, a new ruler became king of England. Claimed to rule Normandy in France. Claimed to rule Normandy in France. By 1204, John had lost control over most of his French lands. By 1204, John had lost control over most of his French lands. He needed an army; he needed $. To get $ he increased taxes which led to a conflict with his barons… He needed an army; he needed $. To get $ he increased taxes which led to a conflict with his barons…

By 1215, England's leaders had had enough of King John’s high taxes and military failures. Barons forced the king to approve a document, The Magna Carta (meaning “Great Charter”) that promised them certain rights. After signing the Magna Carta he could no longer collect more taxes without the approval of the barons. It made it clear that even a king must abide by the law of the land.

English Law In England, the law of the land was a mix of old Anglo-Saxon common law, Norman French feudal law, and Church law. Important ideas to come out of English common law: Habeas corpus – “produce the body” – A jailer who receives a “writ” (court order) must either release the prisoner or present good reason for keeping that person in jail.

Parliament The Magna Carta gave birth to Europe’s oldest representative assembly, the English Parliament (an assembly of representatives who make laws). It is a law-making body divided into two houses: The Magna Carta gave birth to Europe’s oldest representative assembly, the English Parliament (an assembly of representatives who make laws). It is a law-making body divided into two houses: The House of the Lords – represented nobles The House of the Lords – represented nobles The House of the Commons – represented knights and town leaders The House of the Commons – represented knights and town leaders

Religious Crusades – Sec.3 Section 3 Focus Question: What were the causes and effects of the Crusades

Crusades Against Muslims Palestine is the Holy Land: the place where Jesus lived and died. Palestine is the Holy Land: the place where Jesus lived and died. Three groups claimed Palestine: Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Three groups claimed Palestine: Christians, Jews, and Muslims. 40 years Muslim caliphs let Christian pilgrims visit holy places in peace. 40 years Muslim caliphs let Christian pilgrims visit holy places in peace. 1071, the Turks took over Jerusalem – frequent harassment of Christians occurred. The Seljuk Turks marched on Constantinople. 1071, the Turks took over Jerusalem – frequent harassment of Christians occurred. The Seljuk Turks marched on Constantinople.

Call for Crusade The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for help. The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for help. The pope was eager to join the fight…he called for a crusade (Christian religious war), with him as the head of the army. The pope was eager to join the fight…he called for a crusade (Christian religious war), with him as the head of the army Pope Urban II called for a crusade to reclaim the Holy Land Pope Urban II called for a crusade to reclaim the Holy Land. 150,000 people hurried to join the crusade. 150,000 people hurried to join the crusade. Made up of a ragged mob of peasants, including women and elderly men. Made up of a ragged mob of peasants, including women and elderly men. Few reached Jerusalem. Few reached Jerusalem. Next came armies of knights. Next came armies of knights. By 1099 the First Crusade had captured Jerusalem. By 1099 the First Crusade had captured Jerusalem.

The Crusader’s Creed Since Jesus was every Christian’s Lord, his vassals were obliged to defend his lands and shrines…so, a crusade was a just or righteous war. Since Jesus was every Christian’s Lord, his vassals were obliged to defend his lands and shrines…so, a crusade was a just or righteous war. Crusade comes from the Latin word “cross” Crusade comes from the Latin word “cross” Crusaders were promised forgiveness for sins if the became a pilgrim on a crusade. Crusaders were promised forgiveness for sins if the became a pilgrim on a crusade. People who “took the cross” made many sacrifices. People who “took the cross” made many sacrifices.

Later Crusades Europeans mounted three more crusades, but none matched the victories of the First Crusade. Europeans mounted three more crusades, but none matched the victories of the First Crusade. Second Crusade: Tried to take the state of Edessa – King Louis VII of France and the German emperor organized this crusade. Eleanor of Aquitaine was also on this crusade – the crusade failed. Second Crusade: Tried to take the state of Edessa – King Louis VII of France and the German emperor organized this crusade. Eleanor of Aquitaine was also on this crusade – the crusade failed. Third Crusade: Rules of England, France, and Germany – fought against Muslim leader Saladin. Third Crusade: Rules of England, France, and Germany – fought against Muslim leader Saladin. Fourth Crusade: Disgraced the ideas of crusades. Soldiers never reached the Holy Land. Fourth Crusade: Disgraced the ideas of crusades. Soldiers never reached the Holy Land The Children’s Crusade: Attracted people of all ages. Most never got farther than Italy. Many children were sold as slaves The Children’s Crusade: Attracted people of all ages. Most never got farther than Italy. Many children were sold as slaves.

Effects of the Crusades Opened the eyes of Europeans to the rest of the world. Opened the eyes of Europeans to the rest of the world. Peasants and some nobles saw new lands, peoples, and ways of life. Peasants and some nobles saw new lands, peoples, and ways of life. Encouraged trade with the East. Encouraged trade with the East. Prompted Europeans to explore other parts of the world. Prompted Europeans to explore other parts of the world.

Religious Persecutions Crusades also brought terror, destruction, and bloodshed.

Persecution of Jews The Jews were the main target of attacks in Europe. They were viewed as enemies of the Christian faith. The Jews were the main target of attacks in Europe. They were viewed as enemies of the Christian faith. During the First Crusade, bands of knights terrorized the Jewish communities. During the First Crusade, bands of knights terrorized the Jewish communities. A few churchmen tried to protect the Jews. A few churchmen tried to protect the Jews. Jews were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in Jews were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306.

The Inquisition Other targets of religious persecution included groups of Christians who followed various heresies. Other targets of religious persecution included groups of Christians who followed various heresies. Heretics were considered “lost sheep” and doomed for eternity and dangerous because others might follow their beliefs. Heretics were considered “lost sheep” and doomed for eternity and dangerous because others might follow their beliefs. Heretics were first excommunicated, but this didn’t stop them….so…. Heretics were first excommunicated, but this didn’t stop them….so…. In the 1200s, Pope Gregory IV created the Inquisition, which was a Church court designed to investigate and judge heretics. In the 1200s, Pope Gregory IV created the Inquisition, which was a Church court designed to investigate and judge heretics. Heretics were punished in various ways: Heretics were punished in various ways: Fasting Fasting Whipping Whipping Fines or Imprisonment Fines or Imprisonment Executed Executed

Christians and Muslims in Spain – Sec. 4 Section Focus Question: How did the rise and fall of Muslim rule alter life in Spain?

Spain Under Muslim Rule The Umayyad rulers of the Islamic Empire were overthrown and murdered in 750. One survivor fled to Spain and in 756, he, Abd al- Rahman, established a new dynasty at Cordoba. This dynasty ruled most of Spain for nearly 300 years. The Umayyad rulers of the Islamic Empire were overthrown and murdered in 750. One survivor fled to Spain and in 756, he, Abd al- Rahman, established a new dynasty at Cordoba. This dynasty ruled most of Spain for nearly 300 years.

Moorish Culture Muslims in Spain were known as Moors. Muslims in Spain were known as Moors. Moorish Spain became one of the most advanced medieval civilizations in Europe. Moorish Spain became one of the most advanced medieval civilizations in Europe. In the 10 th century, the Muslim capital of Cordoba was Europe’s largest city. In the 10 th century, the Muslim capital of Cordoba was Europe’s largest city.

A Multicultural Society The Golden Age of Moorish culture reached its peak in the ninth and tenth centuries. The Golden Age of Moorish culture reached its peak in the ninth and tenth centuries. Foreign students flocked to Cordoba. Foreign students flocked to Cordoba. Studied philosophy, music, and medicine. Studied philosophy, music, and medicine. Cordoba was home to two of the most famous philosophers of the Middle Ages. Cordoba was home to two of the most famous philosophers of the Middle Ages. Ibn Rushd Ibn Rushd Averroes Averroes

Most of Spain’s Muslim were quite tolerant of Jews and Christians. Most of Spain’s Muslim were quite tolerant of Jews and Christians. Non-Muslims only had to follow certain rules and pay a special tax. Non-Muslims only had to follow certain rules and pay a special tax.

The Reconquista Decline of Muslim rule in Spain began in about 1002 with a Civil war. Cordoba caliphate was split into small weak kingdoms. The Christians kingdoms in northern Spain were united by The pope encouraged them to win back the rest of Spain for Christendom. The movement to drive the Muslims from Spain was called the RECONQUISTA.

Military Campaigns The first step was the capture of the city of Toledo in The first step was the capture of the city of Toledo in Cordoba fell in Cordoba fell in By the middle of the 13 th century, all that was left of Moorish Spain was the kingdom of Granada. By the middle of the 13 th century, all that was left of Moorish Spain was the kingdom of Granada.

Unification of Spain In 1469 and important royal marriage took place… In 1469 and important royal marriage took place… Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile- Leon. Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile- Leon. Marriage unified Spain’s largest Christian kingdoms. Marriage unified Spain’s largest Christian kingdoms. They concentrated on conquering Granada, the last Muslim territory. When it fell in 1492, the pope was delighted. They concentrated on conquering Granada, the last Muslim territory. When it fell in 1492, the pope was delighted.

Religious Persecutions Until the late 1300s, Jews had lived quite safely in Christian kingdoms. Until the late 1300s, Jews had lived quite safely in Christian kingdoms. Anti-Jewish attacks began – terrified, many Jews converted. Anti-Jewish attacks began – terrified, many Jews converted. Isabella and Ferdinand were determined to unite Spain as a Catholic country. Isabella and Ferdinand were determined to unite Spain as a Catholic country. They brought in a Dominican monk to head the Spanish Inquisition. It used terror and torture against Jews and Muslims. They brought in a Dominican monk to head the Spanish Inquisition. It used terror and torture against Jews and Muslims.

In 1492, the rulers ordered all Jews to leave Spain. Portugal did the same. In 1492, the rulers ordered all Jews to leave Spain. Portugal did the same. Many Spanish Jews moved to Italy and the Ottoman Empire. Many Spanish Jews moved to Italy and the Ottoman Empire. Later the Muslims were asked to leave. Later the Muslims were asked to leave. The loss of these two groups caused economic harm to Spain’s economy. The loss of these two groups caused economic harm to Spain’s economy.