Introduction to Migration presented by Modified by Pamela Hammond Brantley Co HSNahunta, GA APWH 2010

Migration is Global In 2005, 191 million people were counted as living outside the country of their birth The number of migrants worldwide has doubled since World War II If they lived in the same place, international migrants would form the 5th most populous country in the world Understanding Migration

Why do people migrate? 1. Economics (push/pull factors) 2. Politics (push factors) 3. Social Forces (pull factors) 4. Environmental Forces (push/pull factors) Understanding Migration

Economic Causes of Migration Migration in search of better economic conditions, employment, etc. Migration due to famine, drought Irish immigration to America, and elsewhere, due to the potato famine Migration to escape overpopulation and its effects Migration may be internal or international Rural to urban to suburban Region to region Country to country Understanding Migration

Political Causes of Migration To escape war, invasion, military takeover, etc. refugees To escape persecution on ethnic, political, religious, or other grounds Diasporas/Exodus: Jews at various times in history Russian Jews escaping pogroms To escape prosecution for crimes committed As punishment for crimes committed Australia served as a penal colony for Britain Sentenced to “transportation” Forced migration As a result of enslavement/human trafficking Understanding Migration

Social Causes of Migration To spread a religion Buddhism, Christianity, Islam Missionaries (Jesuits during Age of Exploration) To reunite with family, friends, etc. who have previously migrated To spread a political philosophy, such as Marxism, democracy, etc. To find personal freedom, to live a certain lifestyle, or to hold certain beliefs, not necessarily as the result of persecution Pilgrims on the Mayflower Understanding Migration

Environmental Issues Migrants are often attracted to new lands that seemed environmentally similar to their homelands They could pursue adaptive strategies known to them Germanic Indo-Europeans chose familiar temperate zones in America, New Zealand, and Australia Semitic peoples rarely spread outside arid and semiarid climates Ancestors of modern Hungarians left grasslands of inner Eurasia for new homes in the grassy Alföld, one of the few prairie areas of Europe Migration to escape poor climate conditions such as drought, el Niño, etc. Possible reasons for the Bantu and Indo-European migrations Migrations due to spread of disease Urban to rural as a result of the Black Death or turn it around: the Black Death spread as a result of the migratory patterns of traders/merchants Migration to escape natural disasters Think about the movements after Katrina Haitian’s moving out of Port au Prince following the earthquake Have/will these people return?

Causes and factors that impact Disease and great pandemics Economic opportunity Technologies that advance travel and communication Introduction of new philosophies Great leaders New laws

How each society reacts to the culture and systems of the other Acculturation – Some culture exchanged but the groups remain distinct White stays white and Red stays Red Assimilation (Romanization, Americanization, Russification) The lesser or weaker or smaller numbered society is absorbed into the stronger and is required to become like the stronger culture either by society or by force. Syncretism (Roman-Greco society following conquest of Romans over Greeks, Creole) A whole new society is developed from the two Red and White become Pink. Accommodation One culture is allowed to exist within another as it is expected than they will eventually be absorbed or assimilated. This is usually the case with a minority society and culture entering and even conquering another that has higher numbers. It is a practice in tolerance and patience. In the case of the Mongolians in South Asia, they came and conquered but left little in the way of culture that was adopted by the peoples they conquered in this region. Some of their technology was adapted but in most cases was not absorbed. Conquest

What are the effects of migration? 1. Effects on the immigrants 2. Effects on the host country 3. Effects on the home country Understanding Migration

Effects on the Immigrants Issues of identity Issues of adaptation and assimilation Differing cultural values between generations Understanding Migration

Effects on the Host Country Economic impacts positive and negative real and perceived Welfare issues Social attitudes Understanding Migration

Effects on the Home Country Remittances Money sent home by workers Loss of revenue Money made outside of the country is not subject to taxes Families left behind Families left without both parents Traditional societies threatened “Brain drain” Young people educated elsewhere but do not return home, stay in host country where the money is better As many of them study abroad on state-sponsored scholarships, this is an investment in human development not returned. Population decrease Understanding Migration

Multi-National Issues “Open border” policies European Union has a free-border policy Immigration policies USA restricts number of immigrants allowed in each year Every so often, a U.S. administration official suggests amnesty for illegal immigrants in the U.S… Security issues Especially important since 9/11 Understanding Migration

Now let’s think about migration As you view the following maps think about Why did the migration take place? (What were the push/pull factors involved?) What effect did the migration have on the home region? On the host region? Can you connect the migration to major events in history? Why might you need to know this? Possible essay topic for the APWH exam!!!!!!!!!!

Out of Africa: Earliest Human Migration

Migrations to the Americas

Polynesian Migrations

Spread of Agriculture

Indo-European Migrations (4000 BCE BCE)

Bantu Migrations (c.500 BCE-1000 CE) What knowledge spread with the Bantus?

Language “Migration”

Jewish Diaspora

Hun Empire threatens Europe and Asia (4 th -6 th centuries) Huns help weaken the Roman Empire under Attila White Huns invade India during the Gupta Empire Huns (Xiongnu) invade Han Dynasty (Mulan)

The Spread of Islam ( )

Turkic Migrations (7 th -15 th centuries) Think about: Seljuks, Ottomons, Uyghers Could they be offshoots of the Huns?

Viking Migrations (9 th -11 th centuries)

The Mongol Invasions (13 th -15 th centuries)

Forced Migration

The Trail of Tears, 1838

European African (slaves) Indian Chinese Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants World Migration Routes Since 1700

Migration due to religious persecution

Current Migrations

Internal Migration Developing countries seeing shift between rural and urban Infrastructure cannot support Housing unavailable Jobs difficult to find without education

Global Migration Millions leave developing world and emigrate to developed nations Creates racial and ethnic problems Developed nations worried about their cultural identity France—great influx of non-Christians US—melting pot replace with a salad bowl Immigrants hold on to traditional values of early marriage and large families Places burden on some societies Immigrant groups growing larger than native groups in some countries US: fastest growing ethnic group --Hispanics

French cultural identity challenged

Global Migration

Migrations? Tourism? Both? Check out this video of daily air travel… Could this be migrations happening?? uf4YE uf4YE

Bibliography Understanding Migration Produced by Natalie Arsenault, Allegra Azulay, Rachel Meyer, Jordan Phillips, Christopher Rose Numerous contributions from members of the APWH listserv Maps and images from Google images