1. Global Migration
Key Concept 5.4

2. Reasons for Migration Push Factors Pull Factors
Negative conditions at home
Real conditions
Perceived conditions
Impel the decision to migrate
Pull Factors
Positive attributes in destination
Real opportunities
Perceived opportunities
Pull the immigrant to move

3. Push Factors Pull Factors Not enough jobs Few opportunities
"Primitive" conditions
Political fear
Not being able to practice religion
Poor medical care
Loss of wealth
Natural disasters
Death threats
Slavery
Pollution
Poor housing
Landlords
Poor chances of finding courtship
War conditions in area
Pull Factors
Job opportunities
Better living conditions
Political and/or religious freedom
Enjoyment
Education
Better medical care
Security
Family links
Better chances of finding courtship
Get rich easily

4. Out of Africa: Earliest Human Migration

5. Human Migration: Polynesian Migrations

6. Spread of Agriculture

7. Human Migration: Indo-Europeans
Aryans

8. Bantu Migrations (c.500 BCE-1000 CE)
What knowledge spread with the Bantus?

9. Language “Migration”

10. Jewish Diaspora

13. Post-Classical Migration

14. The Spread of Islam ( )

15. Forced Migration
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16. Global Migration
Key Concept 5.4

17. World Migration Routes Since 1700
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants

18. Changes in Demography
Changes in food production, improved medical conditions contributed to significant global rise in population
New modes of transportation, increasingly relocated to cities
Contributed to global urbanization of 19th century

19. Reasons for Migration In search of work
Manual laborers
Specialized professionals
Coerced and semi-coerced migration
Slavery
Chinese and Indian indentured servitude
Convict labor
Temporary and seasonal migrants
Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
Lebanese merchants in the Americas
Italians in Argentina

21. During this time period, human population was increasing faster than ever before!

22. World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

23. Demography : Global

24. Demography 1750-1914: Europe Improvements in food supply
Application of science & technology
Improved seeds, fertilizer, & livestock
Refrigeration
Industrial transportation eliminates famine
Steamboat
Year
Population in Millions
% of World Population
1750
141
19.3
1850
292
25.0
1900
482
30.0
World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined.

25. Demography 1750-1914: Europe Demographic transition Rapid urbanization
High to low mortality
High to low fertility
Rapid urbanization
Suburbanization
Decline in urban mortality
Urban sanitation
Germ theory of disease

26. Not only was the human population growing, it was moving.

27. European Migration from 1750
40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, South Africa, and other areas

28. African Slave Trade after 1750
Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870

29. Demography : Asia
Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850
Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote imperialism
Asia’s population nearly doubled
China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million
India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million

30. Labor migration from Asia
mainly after 1750
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31. Asian labor migration after 1750
Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and Pacific
China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million) and the Americas
India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa & Caribbean

32. Indentured Labour
The most extensively organized system of immigrant labour was the trade of indentured labourers from India and China
A contract to work for a specified period of time, usually fiver years.
Most of men that would work to send money back home to their families.
Though it was technically a voluntary contract labour system, it was considered by many to be a new system of slavery.

33. Laborers endure bad conditions.
There were inadequate food, no health care with extremely demanding physical work.
Laborers were at the mercy of their employers and were provide few legal protections.
These laborers would have to earn money to buy their return passage
Consequently, indenture though intended to be temporary, often became a permanent migration into a new home.

34. Many of the indentured laborers would compete with others for employment on the plantations.
Chinese immigrants more commonly worked in mining and construction than on plantations.
Fifteen thousand were recruited from Hong Kong to complete the Canadian Pacific Railway.

35. Image of three Chinese immigrants working on the construction of the railroad. Unknown numbers died during construction.

36. New Gender Roles
Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.

37. Migrant Ethnic Enclaves
Helped transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks.
Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America
Indians in East and southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia

38. Regulation of Immigrants
Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.
The Chinese Exclusion Acts
The White Australia Policy

39. Understanding the Migrant experience
Examine one of the following migrations
Chinese Indentured Servants in the Americas & New Zealand
Japanese in Brazil
Italians in Argentina
Answer the questions