1. Migration
Movement of people

2. Migration’s Roots
National Geographic’s Human Genome Project determined that all humans descend from common African ancestors that began a worldwide migration ~60,000 years ago

5. Push and Pull Factors Why do people migrate?
Push Factor – Encourages people to move OUT of an area. Could be Cultural, Environmental, Economic
Examples – lack of jobs, political instability, hazards

6. Push and Pull Factors
Pull Factor – Encourages people to move TO an area. Attractive quality to those outside the area.
Examples: Education or Economic opportunities

7. Assimilation versus Acculturation
Assimilation – Complete blending with the host culture that may result in the loss of ethnic traits.
Acculturation – an ethnic group adopts enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially.

8. Assimilation

9. Acculturation

10. Ethnic Culture Regions
Ethnic homelands – large, rural areas with sizeable populations. Reinforce the ethnicity’s identity. Can be both a formal and functional region
French-Canadian Quebec
Ethnic Islands – small, rural areas that are isolated spatially and culturally from the surrounding regions.
Ethnic Substrate – residual culture without an ethnic group

11. Ethnic Cultural Regions
Ethnic Neighborhood – voluntary, urban community where people of a common ethnicity choose to live
Ex: Jewish sections of Miami Beach

12. Cont.
Ghetto – urban, residential quarters usually based on ethnicity or religious beliefs, at one time were walled off from the rest of the community
Ghettos do not have to be poor, nor are they based on race.
In US, the slang term ghetto usually means an impoverished, African-American neighborhood. Barrio would be the Hispanic equivalent.

13. Chain Migration Relocation Diffusion
An individual or small group goes to an area of greater opportunity (usually “most important” person in family)
Influence friends or family members to join them
Neighbors also may follow

14. Involuntary Migration
FORCED movement due to enslavement, warfare (Refugee), expulsion by government
Example – Atlantic Slave Trade forced million people from their homes

15. Return Migration
Voluntary movement of an ethnic group BACK to its homeland
Ex: Many African-Americans moving back to the South, Eastern Europeans moving back after the fall of communism

16. Percentages of African-Americans in the population

17. Percentages of Latinos in the population

18. Immigrants in a new land
Cultural Simplification – Only fragments of a culture can actually transplant as people move
Only certain traits move with a person or group and not all will be practicable in the new place (things may be modified)
Ex: Spanish spoken by people in the Hispano homeland of New Mexico speak an older form of Spanish than those living in Spain itself

19. Cultural Pre-adaptation – A series of traits a group possesses prior to migration that helps them adapt to a new location
Ex: Many English settlers to the US located in areas that were like the farms they left in England.