1. Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds

2. Most herbs:
Dicotyledons!

3. Monocotyledons vs Dicotyledons
Monocots
More advanced plants
One primary leaf
Adventitious root system
Flower parts arranged in 3’s
Leaf veins: parallel.
Vascular cambium absent
Vascular bundles scattered throughout tissue
Dicots
More primitive
Two primary leaves
Tap root system
Flower parts arranged in 4’s or 5’s.
Leave veins: network system
Vascular cambium present
Vascular bundles in a ring (‘vein’)

4. Flower Structure
Each flower grows from an embryonic primordium  forms the bud.
Inflorescences - Group of several to hundreds of flowers.
E.g. Maize

5. Flower Structure

6. Fruits
Fruit:= matured & developed ovary and accessory parts that have developed and matured.
Normally contains seeds.
All fruits develop from flower ovaries (therefore found exclusively in flowering plants)

7. Fruit Regions

8. Fruit Fleshy Dry Berries Drupes
Pomes
Dry
Those that split at maturity (Dehiscent)
Those that don’t split at maturity (Indehiscent)

9. Fleshy Fruit Simple fruit (e.g. Drupe) Berry Aggregate fruit
Multiple fruit
Pomes (not true fruit)

10. Dry fruit Dehiscent Indihescent Follicle Capsule Legume Silique Achene
Grain
Nuts
Shizocarp
Samara

11. Fruits
Fleshy Fruits
Simple fleshy fruits: develop from a flower with a single pistil.
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12. Fleshy Fruit
E.g. Drupe - Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp (pit).

13. Fruits
Berry: Develops from a compound ovary. Contains more than one seed.
True berry: fruit with a thin skin and soft pericarp (e.g. tomato).
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Required for Reproduction or Display

14. Berries
Pepos - Thick skins/exocarps (Pumpkins).

15. Berries
Hesperidium – Fruits with leathery exocarps containing oil glands (e.g. Citrus fruit).

16. Fruits Pomes – (not a true fruit)
Pome: Accessory fruit with thick hypanthium.
Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. (Apples)
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Required for Reproduction or Display

17. Fruits Aggregate Fruits
Develop from a single flower with numerous pistils.
Pistils mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle
E.g. Raspberries, Strawberries.
                                                                                 

18. Fruits Multiple Fruits
Develop from many individual flowers in a single inflorescence.
E.g. Pineapples, Figs, Maize

19. Dry Fruits - Dehiscent
Follicle - Splits along one side/seam.

20. Follicle

21. Dry Fruits - Dehiscent Legume (e.g. bean pod)
Consists of one folded carpel
Splits along two sides into 2 sections
Each represents half the carpel.
Some legume pods, such as carob and mesquite, are indehiscent and do not split open.

23. Dry Fruits - Dehiscent
Silique - Splits along two sides with the seeds in a central position when the two halves separate.
(Silique = Two carpels separated by a seed-bearing septum)

24. Dry Fruits - Dehiscent
Capsules - Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways.

25. Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
Achene
Single seed attached to pericarp
Pericarp fused into husk
Husk - Easily removed
Eg: buckweed, sunflower seed
Sunflower seed

26. Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
Nut
Single seed with hard pericarp/husk
Cup or cluster of bracts form at base
Hazel nuts: only true nuts
Walnuts, cashews & pecans = drupes
Brazil nuts = seeds of capsules

27. Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
Grain
One-seeded fruit/seed fused with seed coat (pericarp)
Eg: wheat

28. Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
Samara
Pericarp forms wings
Fx: aids in seed dispersal
Can be single or double
Eg: Elm tree

29. Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
Schizocarp
Whole seed separates to form 2 separate 1-seeded fruitlets
E.g.: Apiaceae/carrot family

30. LESSON TAKE-AWAY
Flower Parts
Fruit Types