1. Skeleton System

2. Bone Trivia Smallest bone? Longest bone? Flattest bone?
Middle Ear
Longest bone?
Femur
Flattest bone?
Sternum
Most fractured bone?
Clavicle
Most numerous bones in one area?
Hand and foot = 28 bones each

3. Functions of the Skeleton
206 Bones in the human adult body
Framework
Support body’s muscles, fat, and skin
Protection
Surround vital organs to protect them

4. Functions of the Skeleton
Levers
Attach to muscles to help provide movement
Storage
Store most of our calcium supply
Hemopoiesis
Produces both red and white blood cells in the red marrow

5. Long Bones

6. ANATOMY OF A BONE Epiphysis Diaphysis Articular Cartilage
End of a long bone
Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone
Articular Cartilage
“End caps” of the bone covering the epiphysis
Shock absorber of a joint

7. Knee

8. ANATOMY OF A BONE Periosteum Tough fibrous outer covering of the bone
Necessary for bone growth, repair, and nutrition
Osteoblasts: special cells that form new bone tissue

9. ANATOMY OF A BONE Sponge Bone “Lattice” structure
Resists the stresses of our weight
Contains RED MARROW
Red Marrow
Produces red and white blood cells
Found in long, flat bones such as: humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, and cranium

10. ANATOMY OF A BONE Medullary cavity or canal
Contains YELLOW MARROW, which in adults, contains fat
Nutrient artery

11. SECTIONS OF THE SKELETON
Axial skeleton
Forms main trunk of the body,
Composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum
Appendicular skeleton
Forms extremities (arms, legs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle)

12. AXIAL SKELETON = CRANIUM or SKULL
Structure that surrounds and protects the brain
Has eight bones
Frontal = forms the forehead
Two Parietal = roof and sides of the skull
Two Temporal = houses the ears
Occipital = forms the base of the skull
Ethmoid = located between the eyes and forms part of the nose
Sphenoid = looks like a bat, key bone of the skull because all other bones connect to it

14. AXIAL SKELETON = CRANIUM
FONTANELS:
At birth, the cranium is not solid bone
“Soft spots” allow for the enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs
Turns into solid bone by about 18 months of age
SINUSES: air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice
FORAMINA: openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone
SUTURES: Areas where cranial bones have joined together

15. 14 Facial Bones 5 Nasal 2 Maxilla – upper jaw
forms your nose
2 make the bridge
1 makes septum
2 make the side walls of the nasal cavity
2 Maxilla – upper jaw
2 Lacrimal – inner aspect of eyes, contains tear ducts
2 Zygomatic – cheek bones
2 Palatine – two bones of hard palate (roof) of mouth
1 Mandible – lower jaw, only movable bone in the face

17. Axial Skeleton = Spinal Column
Spinal column made of 26 bones called vertebrae
Provides support for the head
Place for the ribs to attach

18. Vertebrae 7 Cervical = neck
12 Thoracic = back of chest, attach to ribs
5 Lumbar = lower back
1 Sacrum = made up of 5 fused bones, pelvic girdle
1 Coccyx = 4 fused bones, tailbone

19. INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS Pads of cartilage tissue that separate vertebrae
Act as shock absorbers
Permit bending and twisting movements of vertebral column

20. Ribs 12 pairs Attach to thoracic vertebrae on dorsal surface of body
True Ribs- 1st 7 pairs-attach
directly to sternum on front of body
False ribs-next 5 pairs-
the 1st 3 pairs attach to cartilage of rib
Floating ribs-last 2 pairs-
no attachment on front of body

21. JOINTS Area where two or more bones join together
Articulation: “a jointed state”, a joint
Ligaments are connective tissue bands that hold long bones together
Main types
Ball and socket joints- freely movable
Example: Shoulder and hip
Hinge joints
Example: elbows and knees
Slightly movable
Example: Ribs
Immovable
Example: Cranium

22. Diseases of the Skeleton system
Arthritis
Involves the inflammation of the joint
Two main types
Osteoarthritis (bones and joints inflamed)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (autoimmune disorder that inflames the joints)

23. Diseases of the Skeleton system
Osteoarthritis
Occurs with aging
Symptoms are joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited ROM (range of motion)
Treatment
Rest
Heat/cold applications
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Steroid injections
Special exercises – physical therapy
Joint replacement

24. Diseases of the Skeleton system
Rheumatoid arthritis
Worse of the two inflammatory diseases of the joints
Autoimmune (the body attacking itself) disease of connective tissues and joints
Often begins between the ages of 35-45
3 times more common in women than men
Progressive attacks cause scar tissue formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue
These “attacks” may cause deformity and immobility

25. Diseases of the Skeleton system
Rheumatoid Arthritis – Treatment
Similar treatment as osteoarthritis
Rest
Heat/cold applications
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Steroid injections
Special exercises – physical therapy
Joint replacement
Additional medication choices such as methotrexate or gold salts

26. Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursae: small, fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints
Symptoms: severe pain, limited movement, and fluid accumulation in the joint
Treatment:
Pain medication
Steroid injections
Aspirating fluid PT

27. Bursitis

28. Fractures-a crack or break in the bone
Greenstick- bone is bent and splits causing a crack-common in children
Simple- complete break with no damage to skin
Compound- break in bone that ruptures through the skin: increased chance of infection
Impacted- broken bone ends jam into each other

29. Fractures-a crack or break in the bone
Comminuted- bone fragments or splinters into more than two pieces
Spiral- severe twisting of a bone causes one or more breaks: common in skiing or skating accidents
Depressed- broken piece of skull bone moves inward: common with severe head injuries

30. Fracture Types

31. Fracture Types

32. Cast

33. Reduction
Definition: Process by which bone is put back into proper alignment
Closed reduction- position bone in alignment, usually with traction, and apply cast or splint to maintain position
Open reduction- surgical repair of bone, and at times, insertion of pins, plates, and other devices.

34. Dislocation Bone is forcibly displaced from a joint
Frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips
Reduced and immobilized with splint, cast, or traction

35. Sprain Twisting action tears ligaments at a joint
Common sites are wrists and ankles
Symptoms
Pain, swelling, discolorations, limited movement
Treatment
RICE- Rest, Ice, Compression, and elevation

36. Osteoporosis
The thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density over time.
The most common type of bone disease.
currently about 10 million Americans suffering from osteoporosis
about 20% of American women over the age of 50 have osteoporosis
Occurs when the body fails to form enough new bone, or when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body, or both

37. Osteoporosis Risk Factors
Women who are white, especially those with a family history of osteoporosis, have a greater risk of developing osteoporosis
Other risk factors
smoking, eating disorders, low body weight, low amount of calcium in the diet, heavy alcohol consumption, early menopause, use of certain medications, such as steroids and anticonvulsants

38. Osteoporosis Treatment
Treatments focus on slowing down or stopping bone loss, & preventing bone fractures
Drugs
Fosamax, Raloxifene, HRT, Calcitonin
Exercise increases bone density
Diet
Include adequate calcium, vitamin D, proteins
Stop unhealthy habits
Quit smoking, limit alcohol
Prevent falls

39. Aging Bone

40. Abnormal Curvatures of Spine
Kyphosis-hunchback or rounded bowing of the back at the thoracic area.

41. Abnormal Curvatures of Spine
Scoliosis- side to side or lateral curvature

42. Abnormal Curvatures of Spine
Lordosis-swayback or abnormal inward curvature of lumbar vertebrae

43. Abnormal Curvatures of Spine
CAUSE: Poor posture, congenital defects, structural defects of vertebrae, malnutrition, degeneration of vertebrae
TREATMENT
Therapeutic exercises
Firm mattresses
Braces
Surgical repair for severe deformities

44. Herniated Disc

45. Herniated Disk Also called a slipped or ruptured disk
Symptoms: severe pain, muscle spasms, impaired movement, and/or numbness
Treatment:
Medications: Pain, anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant
Rest
Traction
Physical Therapy
Massage Therapy
Chiropractic Treatments
Heat and/or cold applications
Laminectomy: surgical removal of the protruding disk

46. Gout
Gout is a type of arthritis caused by too much uric acid in the blood
Symptoms: swelling, tenderness, redness, and sharp pain usually in your big toe
Treatment:
Medications: anti-inflammatory (not aspirin), steroid injections, medications to decrease the amount of uric acid
Prevention:
Manage weight
Limit alcohol use – especially beer
Limit meat and seafood intake (purines: a chemical compound that breaks down into uric acid)

47. Gout

48. X-ray