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Health Occupations Skeletal System – Unit 1
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Skeletal System Organs – BONES Functions 206 in adult human Framework
Supports muscles, fat, skin Protection Surrounds vital organs (skull, ribs) Lever Muscles attach to bones to provide movement Production of blood cells Produce RBC, WBC, platelets (hemopoiesis or hematopoesis) Storage Stores most of calcium supply of body (bone activity)
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Bone Tissue Composition
Inorganic salts (calcium phosphate) Water Bone cells Blood vessels Nerves Collagen (elastic material)
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Bone Tissue Must continually receive food & oxygen
Has fever nerves & blood vessels than other tissues Grows for the first 18 – 20 years of life After growth stops, bone cells die & are replaced by new cells Osteoblasts – cells that MAKE bones Osteoclasts – cells that BREAK DOWN bones & reabsorb them
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May contain 2 types of tissue Ligaments – attach bone to bone
Tendons – attach muscle to bone 2 types of tissue Compact tissue – dense Cancellous – spongy & loosely packed
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Four types of bones Long bones – longer than they are wide
Humerus – upper arm Ulna – lower arm Radius - lower arm Femur – upper leg Tibia – lower leg Fibula – lower leg
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Short bones Length & width are nearly equal Wrist Hand Ankles Feet
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Flat bones Two layers of bone divided by a narrow span Skull
Sternum – breast bone Ribs Scapula – shoulder blade
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Irregular bones Bones that do not fit in any other group Face Spine
Hip
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Long Bone Parts Diaphysis Epiphysis Long shaft of bone
Ends of the long bone Proximal distal
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Proximal epiphysis Diaphysis Distal epiphysis
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Medullary canal Cavity in diaphysis Contains yellow marrow Fat cells
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Proximal epiphysis Diaphysis Medullary canal Distal epiphysis
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Endosteum Membrane lining medullary canal Keeps yellow marrow intact
Promotes bone growth
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Proximal epiphysis Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Distal epiphysis
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Red Marrow Found in bones like vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, proximal ends of humerus & femur Produces – RBCs, WBCs, platelets Diagnostic tool to identify bone diseases Can be transplanted in people with defective immune systems
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Proximal epiphysis Red marrow Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Distal epiphysis
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Periosteum Membrane covering the outside of bone Tough
Contains blood vessels, lymph, & osteoblasts Necessary for bone growth, repair, & nutrition
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Proximal epiphysis Red marrow Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Periosteum Distal epiphysis
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Articular cartilage Thin layer
Covers epiphysis to work as a shock absorber in joints (hollow strength activity)
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Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Red marrow Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Periosteum Distal epiphysis
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Groups of Bones Axial skeleton – 80 bones
Main trunk of body Skull Spinal column Ribs Sternum Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones Extremities – arms & legs Shoulder girdle Pelvic girdle
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Joints Place where two bones meet
Grouped by how much movement is allowed Synarthrosis joints – immoveable Cranium, suture joints Amphiartrosis joints – slightly moveable Vertebral discs, symphysis pubis, sacroiliac Diarthrosis joints – freely moveable Shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, knees, ankles, toes Ligaments – connect bone to bone Hold bones together
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Skull Composed of cranium & facial bones
Cranium – spherical structure surrounding & protecting brain – 8 Frontal – 1 Parietal – 2 Temporal – 2 Occipital – 1 Ethmoid – 1 Sphenoid – 1 At birth, NOT solid bone Fontanels – soft spots or spaces between bones allows for enlargement of skull as brain growth occurs Membrane & cartilage that turn to bone by 18 months of age
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Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Temporal bone
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Skull Facial bones – 14 Mandible – 1 lower jaw Maxilla – 2 upper jaw
Zygomatic – 2 cheek Lacrimal – 2 inner aspect of eye Nasal – 5 Palatine – 2 hard palate or roof of mouth
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Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bones Lacrimal bone Occipital bone Maxilla Zygomatic bone Temporal bone Mandible Palatine – not pictured, roof of mouth
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Skull also contains Sinuses Foramina Sutures
Air spaces in bones of skull Act as resonating chambers for voice Lined with mucus membranes Foramina Openings in bone allowing nerves & blood vessels to enter & leave Sutures Areas where cranial bones have joined together
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Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Squamous suture Ethmoid bone Nasal bones Lamboidal suture Lacrimal bone Occipital bone Maxilla Zygomatic bone Temporal bone Mandible External auditory meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Mental foramina Palatine – not pictured, roof of mouth
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