1. SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMS
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3. What is cartilage and give an example of where it can be found in the body? TOUGH SUPPORTIVE TISSUE NOSE, EAR, RIBS, PELVIS, IN BETWEEN JOINTS The hardening of cartilage to bone is called OSSIFICATION. As you get older, your bones get thinner and weaker. This is known as OSTEOPOROSIS. A point at which two bones come together is know as a JOINT.

4. TYPES OF JOINTS HINGE – permit movement forward & backward
(KNEE, ELBOW, FINGERS, TOES)
BALL & SOCKET – allows movement in all directions
(SHOULDER & HIP)
PIVOT – allow some bones to move side to side and up & down
found in the neck (ATLAS & AXIS)
GLIDING/ELLIPSOIDAL – bones slide over one another
(WRIST has 8 bones & ANKLE has 7 bones)
SUTURE – two or more bones that form together to create an immovable joint.
(SKULL, STERNUM, SACRUM & COCCYX)

5. 639 total muscles of the human body see page 396

6. Voluntary versus Involuntary Muscle
YOU CONTROL - requires thought
INVOLUNTARY
YOU DO NOT CONTROL – AUTOMATIC–
may be overridden by thought such as breathing or blinking

7. MUSCLE TISSUES SKELETAL – striated muscle tissue causing body movement
VOLUNTARY
CONNECTED TO BONE BY TENDON
SMOOTH –
INVOLUNTARY
CONTROLS MOVEMENTS INSIDE THE BODY SUCH AS BREATHING, DIGESTION, & BLOOD VESSELS
CARDIAC – striated muscle tissue forming wall of heart
STRONGEST MUSCLE IN THE BODY

8. Connective Tissues
What are tendons? What 2 structures do tendons connect?
TISSUES THAT CONNECT MUSCLE TO BONE SO THAT THE MUSCLE CAN MOVE THE BONE
What are ligaments? What structures do ligaments connect?
TISSUES THAT CONNECT BONE TO BONE TO HOLD A JOINT IN PLACE

9. How do muscles control movement of the body parts?
CONTRACTION & RELAXATION OF MUSCLE GROUPS CAUSING AN EXTENSION (opens joint) OR FLEXION (closes joint)
What are the 2 main methods to keeping your skeletal and muscular systems healthy?
EAT WELL & EXERCISE

10. Other notes 206 bones in the skeletal system (normal)
Main functions of the skeletal system are:
shape/structure/support
protection of internal organs
Structure of bones
1. starts out as cartilage – tough supportive tissue
2. calcium & phosphorous added to cartilage so it hardens
into bone between ages (this is called ossification)
3. osteoporosis – bones become thinner & weaker

11. Main sections of skeletal system
Axial skeleton (center/torso)
skull
vertebrae
ribs (true, false, floating)
sternum
Appendicular skeleton (appendages/extension from torso)
shoulders (clavicle, scapula, head of humerus)
arms & hands
hips (pelvis)
legs and feet

12. Disorders of Skeletal & Muscular systems
Fracture – crack or break in bone
hairline – no separation in bone
transverse – bone is completely broken through
comminuted – shattered into more than 2 pieces
closed – bone does not pierce skin
open – bone pierces skin
Dislocation – ligaments around a joint are severely stretched or torn and bone pops out of joint

13. Disorders of Skeletal & Muscular systems (continued)
Scoliosis – spine develops a curvature to one side usually during childhood
Strain – tear through all of the muscle and/or tendon
Sprain – over stretched or torn ligament
Shin splints – tears in the tissue covering the tibia that connect to the muscle

14. Disorders of Skeletal & Muscular systems (continued)
Bursitis – inflammation of fluid-filled sac called a bursa - A bursa reduces friction between movable parts. Bunion – painful swelling of a bursa in first joint of the big toe Arthritis – inflammation of a joint osteoarthritis – wear & tear of joints

15. Disorders of Skeletal & Muscular systems (continued)
Bruise – discolored skin after injury due to ruptured blood vessels Tendonitis – inflammation of a tendon Hernia – organ tissue protrudes through area of a weak muscle Muscular Dystrophy – inherited (genetic) disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively destroyed

16. Bone Shapes long – humerus, femur, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula short –
metacarpals, metatarsals
flat –
ribs, skull
irregular –
scapula, carpals, tarsals, vertebrae, pelvis