1. First Aid Dislocation Heart Attack Poisoning Shock Seizure Strain
Burns
Bandages
CVA
Insulin Shock
CPR

2. Principles of Providing First Aid
Immediate care that is provided to the victim of injury or illness to minimize the adverse effects until experts take over.
Proper first aid can mean the difference between life and death.
When you encounter an emergency:
REMAIN CALM
Avoid panic
Evaluate the situation
What you will do depends on the type of injury, environment, others present, etc. – so THINK before you act!

3. The first step is to be alert to the signs of an emergency:
Screams
Calls for help
Breaking glass
Screeching tires
Empty medicine bottle
Damaged electrical wires
Smoke or fire
Blood
Spilled chemicals
Difficulty breathing
Clutching chest or throat
Abnormal skin color
Confusion
Drowsiness
Distress
Unusual Sights
Unusual Sounds
Unusual Smells

4. Once you determine an emergency exists, take steps to help the victims:
Check the scene and make sure it is safe to approach.
IF the scene is not safe, call for medical help – do not endanger yourself or others.
IF the scene is safe, approach the victim and determine consciousness by gently tapping and calling to him/her.
Never move an injured victim unless the victim is in danger.
Call the EMS as soon as possible – 911.
Be prepared to describe location, telephone number (where you are calling from), assistance required, # of people involved, etc.
Try to obtain victim’s permission before providing care. (If parent is present and victim a child, get parent’s permission.)

5. If person refuses care, do not proceed
If person refuses care, do not proceed. If possible, have someone witness the refusal of care.
Always attend to life threatening emergencies first.
If victim conscious, breathing and able to talk, reassure the victim and try to determine what happened.
Check for injuries – examine the victim thoroughly and note any abnormal signs or symptoms.
Report abnormalities when EMS arrives.
Obtain as much information as possible regarding the incident and give the information to the correct authorities.

6. General Principles of First aid
Obtain qualified assistance as soon as possible
Report all information obtained to proper authorities
Avoid unnecessary movement of the victim
Reassure the victim
If the victim is unconscious or vomiting, do not give him or her anything to eat or drink
Protect the victim from cold or chilling, but avoid overheating the victim
Work quickly, but in an organized and efficient manner
Do not make a diagnosis or discuss the victim’s condition with observers at the scene
It is essential to maintain confidentiality and protect the victim’s right to privacy while providing treatment
Make every attempt to avoid further injury
PROVIDE ONLY THE TREATMENT THAT YOU ARE QUALIFIED TO PROVIDE

7. Wounds Injury to soft tissue
Open: Break in the skin or mucous membrane
Closed: No break in skin, injury to underlying tissues
Opening wounds can result in bleeding, infection, or tetanus
First aid directed toward controlling bleeding and preventing infection
Abrasion - skin scraped off, bleeding limited
Incision – cut with sharp object such as knife, scissors, razor blade, etc., if cut is deep, bleeding can be heavy, also can have damage to muscles and nerves.
Laceration – tearing of tissues from excessive force, jagged edges, bleeding may be heavy. Deep lacerations may become infected

8. Wounds cont.
Puncture – Caused by sharp object (pin, nail, etc.) External bleeding minimal, may lead to infection or tetanus.
Avulsion – Tissue torn or separated from the body, bleeding is heavy, important to preserve the body part because a surgeon may be able to reattach it.
Amputation – Body part cut off or separated from the body, bleeding can be extensive, important to preserve separated part for reattachment. Wrap part in cool, moist dressing (sterile water or saline preferred) and place in plastic bag. Keep bag cool or in ice water and transport with the victim. (Don’t place
the body part in direct
contact with the ice

9. Control Bleeding First Priority – Control the bleeding!
Arterial bleeding is bright red in color and life threatening.
Venous bleeding is slower and dark red.
Control bleeding by:
Direct pressure
Elevation
Pressure bandage
Pressure points
Use protective barrier to control bleeding (gloves) or thick layers of dressings. Avoid direct contact with blood. Wash hands after providing first aid.

10. Signs and symptoms of wound infection:
Swelling
Heat
Redness
Pain
Fever
Pus
Red Streaks
Closed Wounds
If a bruise, apply cold
Signs of internal bleeding – pain, tenderness, swelling, deformity, cold and clammy skin, rapid and weak pulse, uncontrolled restlessness, excessive thirst, vomiting blood, blood in urine or feces.

11. Tetanus
Bacterial infections, most common in puncture wounds, be sure to find out when victim last had tetanus shot, advise to consult medical professional about tetanus booster.
Object in wound? If on the surface, remove with tweezers. If object embedded, let a physician remove it.

12. Shock
Shock
When caring for bleeding/wounds, or any other injury or illness, be alert for signs of shock.
Clinical set of signs and symptoms associated with inadequate supply of blood to body organs, especially the brain and heart.
If not treated, shock can lead to death, even when the victim’s injuries or illness is not life threatening.

13. SHOCK Cont. Shock caused by: Hemorrhage Excessive pain Infection
Heart Attack
Poisoning by chemicals, drugs or gases
Lack of oxygen
Psychological trauma
Dehydration from burns, vomiting, or diarrhea

14. Symptoms of Shock Skin pale or cyanotic Skin cool to touch Diaphoresis
Pulse rapid and weak
Respirations rapid and shallow
Hypotension
Victim weak, listless, confused and eventually unconscious
Victim anxious and extremely restless
Victim may c/o excessive thirst
Victim may experience N&V
Victim may c/o blurred vision as shock progresses, eyes may appear sunken and have vacant, confused expression, pupils dilate

15. How would you position the following victims when treating for shock?
Victim has a broken arm, no other apparent injuries
Victim is vomiting and bleeding profusely from a lacerated tongue
Victim has broken ribs and is dyspneic

16. Get Medical help right away. If possible:
Eliminate the cause of shock
Improve circulation to the brain and heart
Provide oxygen
Maintain body temperature
Positioning patient depends on injuries

17. Poisoning
If poison is ingested, call a poison control center or MD STAT. If not available, call EMS
Save the label or container of the substance taken
It is helpful to know/estimate how much was taken and the time the poisoning occurred
If the victim vomits, save a sample
If the victim is unconscious check for breathing.l Provide rescue breathing if the victim is not breathing. If the victim is breathing, turn victim on his/her side.
If the poison control center tells you to induce vomiting:
Give syrup of ipecac
Tickle the back of the victim’s throat
Administer warm salt water

18. Poisoning Cont. DO NOT induce vomiting if: The victim is unconscious
The victim swallowed acid or alkali
The victim swallowed petroleum
The victim has burns on the lips or mouth
The victim is convulsing
Vomiting only removes ½ the poison, so you may need to administer activated charcoal to counteract the remaining poison
If poisoning is due to gas inhalation….. Remove victim from area

19. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Odorless and colorless gas
Before entering the area, take a deep breath and don’t breathe the gas while removing the victim from the area
After the rescue, check for breathing and administer CPR if needed
Obtain medical help immediately

20. Chemicals or Poison that come in Contact with Skin
Wash with large amounts of water
Remove clothing or jewelry that contains the substance
If poisonous plant, wash with soap and water- use Calamine or Caladryl (or paste made from baking soda and water)
Obtain medical help

21. For Insect bite, sting or snakebite
If possible, hold part below level of the heart
Remove the stinger and wash the area with soap and water
Apply sterile dressing & cold pack
Monitor the victim and give CPR if needed
Watch for allergic reaction
Treat for shock

22. Providing First Aid for Burns
Caused by fire, hear, chemicals, radiation or electricity
First Degree (superficial)
Involves only the epidermis
Heals in 5-6 days
No scarring
Skin red, mild swelling
Victim feels pain
Usually caused by the sun, hot objects or steam or exposed to weak acid/alkali
Unusual Sights
Unusual Sounds
Unusual Smells

23. Second Degree burn Epidermis and dermis Blister or vesicle forms
Skin red and mottled with swelling
Surface appears wet
Very painful
Usually caused by sun, sunlamp, contact with hot or boiling liquids, contact with fire.

24. Third-degree (Full thickness)
Injury to all layers and underlying tissue
Area had white or charred appearance
Can be extremely painful or painless (if nerve endings destroyed)
Usually caused by flames, prolonged contact with hot objects, contact with electricity, immersion in hot or boiling liquids

25. Treatment for Burns Remove source of heat Cool affected skin area
Cover the burn
Relieve pain
Observe and treat for shock
Medical care should be obtained if more than 15% of adult body burned (10% of a child)

26. TX Cont. Call for help immediately if 3rd degree burns
DO NOT apply cotton, tissues, ointment, powders, oils, grease, butter, or other substances to the burned area unless you are instructed to do so by a physician
DO NOT break open blisters (Why?)
Be alert to signs of shock
Remain calm and reassure burn vicitm
Call for help immediately if 3rd degree burns
Dehydration can occur quickly with burns.

27. Bone and Joint Injuries
Fracture
Break in a bone
Closed or simple – does not break the skin
Compound or open – accompanied by open wound on skin

28. Main Facts regarding Fractures
Signs and symptoms vary
Common signs and symptoms include deformity, limited (loss of) motion, pain and tenderness at fracture site, swelling an discoloration, protrusion of bone ends
Victim may have heard a snap or feel a grating sensation
Treatment includes immobilizing above and below fracture, treat for shock

29. Dislocation When the end of a bone moves out of the joint
“Usually accompanied by tearing/stretching of ligaments
S&S include deformity, limited or abnormal movement, swelling, discoloration, pain, tenderness, shortening or lengthening of affected arm or leg
Treatment similar to fractures – immobilize affected area, do not attempt to reduce the discoloration

30. Sprain
Injury to tissues surrounding a joint when the part is forced beyond its normal ROM
Ligaments, tendons, and other tissues stretched or torn
Usually ankle or wrist
Symptoms similar to fracture and dislocation
Treatment includes application of cold, elevation of affected part, and rest

31. Strain Overstretching of muscle – frequently the back
S&S include: sudden pain, swelling and/or bruising
Treatment aimed at resting affect muscle

32. Heart Attack
Also called coronary thrombosis, coronary occlusion or myocardial infarction
Blood supply to heart is blocked
If heart stops beating CPR must be preformed
S&S may include- chest pain or pressure, pain radiating to shoulders, arms, neck, or jaw
SOB
Cyanosis
Victim weak and apprehensive
May also have N&V, diaphoresis, loss of consciousness
Encourage the victim to relax, place him/her in a comfortable position, and obtain medical help

33. Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
Also called CVA, apoplexy, or cerebral thrombosis
Either a clot in a cerebral artery or hemorrhage of a blood vessel in the brain
Signs/symptoms include numbness, paralysis, pupils unequal in size, mental confusion, slurred speech, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing and swallowing, and loss of consciousness

34. Always remember that although the patient may be unable to speak or may be unconscious, he/she may be able to hear and understand what is going on!

35. Fainting
Temporary reduction of blood supply to the brain
Victim regains consciousness after being in a supine position
Early signs- dizziness, extreme pallor, diaphoresis, coldness of the skin, nausea, numbness and tingling of hands and feet
When symptoms noticed, help the victim sit with head at the level of the knees
If the victim loses consciousness, try to prevent injuring, loosen clothing, maintain open airway

36. Convulsion
Seizure
Occurs in conjunction with high body temperature, head injuries, brain disease, and brain disorders such as epilepsy
Body muscles become rigid followed by jerking movements
During the seizure, victim may stop breathing, bite their tongue, lose bladder and bowel control, and injure body parts
Face and lips develop a bluish color
Victim loses consciousness

37. Convulsion Cont.
When victim regains consciousness, he/she may be confused, disoriented and c/o HA
FA directed toward preventing self injury-remove dangerous objects, provide pillow under the head
Do NOT place anything between the victims teeth
Do NOT use force to restrain or stop muscle movement
When the convulsion is over, allow the victim to rest
Obtain medical help if seizure lasts more than one minute or injury occurs.

38. Diabetic Coma Victim will lose consciousness and die if not treated
Caused by an increase in the level of glucose in the bloodstream
A result of an excess intake of sugar, failure to take insulin, or sufficient production of insulin
Signs: Confusion, weakness or dizziness, nausea or vomiting, rapid, deep respirations, flushed skin, and fruity smelling breath
Victim will lose consciousness and die if not treated
Obtain medical treatment as quickly as possible

39. Insulin Shock
Caused by an excess amount of insulin (low level of glucose in bloodstream)
A result of failure to eat or too much insulin
Signs: Muscle weakness, mental confusion, restlessness, or anxiety, diaphoresis, pale, moist skin, hunger pains, palpations
If victim conscious, give sweetened drink or sugar
Avoid giving victim hard candy if confused
If victim loses consciousness, get medical help

40. Dressings and Dressings=sterile covering over wound or injured part
Bandages=materials to hold dressing in place, secure splints, and support body parts
Roller gauze bandages
Triangular bandages
Elastic (ACE) bandages

41. Bandages Cont.
After bandage applied, check to be sure it is not too tight
(Check circulation by pressing lightly on nailbeds to make then turn white. Color should return to nailbeds immediately)

42. Until Medical Help arrives…
Cover the pt with blankets or additional clothing. Blankets may also be placed between the ground and the victim
Avoid giving the pt. anything to eat or drink. A wet cloth may be used to moisten the lips and mouth.
If help won’t arrive for more than an hour and dehydration is evident, provide fluids.