1. Development of France and England
Middle Ages A.D.
Development of
France and England

2. Development of France and England
Germanic tribes
migrate across Europe
push/pull factors
herders and farmers
different culture from Romans
carve Western Europe into small kingdoms
Diff culture from Romans:
small communities – no cities
unwritten customs – no written laws
warrior nobles swore loyalty to king
in exchange for weapons & loot

3. Development of France Franks: 400-700 A.D. Clovis
strongest of Germanic tribes
Clovis
conquered Gaul
united Franks in central Europe
converted to Christianity
(religion of Gaul people)
supported by Pope
Merovingians
Islam appears in Arabia in 622.
Gaul – former Roman province.
United central Europe – France & Germany
1st united kingdom after fall of Rome – lasted couple hundred years.
Began family of Merovingians – were “do nothing kings” after Clovis.

4. Development of France Charles Martel Battle of Tours – 732 A.D.
Carolingian
rallied Frankish warriors against Moors (Muslims)
Battle of Tours – 732 A.D.
Charles Martel stopped Muslim advance into Europe
Pope pleased with Carolingians
(Muslims were threat to papacy)
Pepin – founder of Carolingian empire
- father of Charles Martel
Martel – title given later – instrument of war.
Muslims are building a huge empire – and cross into France.
European term for Muslims coming into Europe.
cross Strait of Gibraltar in 711
Pope owes Carolingians
Papacy= rule of pope
After Battle of Tours, Muslims continued to rule most of Spain,
but went no further into Europe.

5. Development of France Charlemagne Hero of Middle Ages
(Holy Barbarian, Charles the Great)
46 year reign – loved to battle
organized kingdom of Franks with laws
builds empire
conquests reunited much of old Roman empire
In 800, Pope Leo III asks for help with nobles rebelling in Rome
Frankish armies crush rebellion
crowned Holy Roman Emperor for helping pope
Christmas day 800 in Rome
thus was born the Holy Roman Empire
Charlemagne son of Pepin the Short (not really short)
about 6’11”
Pepin fought wars against Lombards in northern Italy who threatened Pope.
Defeated Lombards and gave land to Pope = became known as Papal States.
Pope become feudal lord.
In exchange, Pope gives Pepin the Short title of King of Franks.
Builds empire: France, Germany, part of Italy.
Fought many campaigns for Pope.

6. Development of France Charlemagne wanted a united Christian Europe
worked with Church to spread Christianity
appointed powerful nobles to rule regions
gave them land (fiefs)
missi dominici
officials sent out by Charlemagne
controlled provincial rulers (nobles)
ordered one of first great migrations
made hundreds of thousands move to Russia
if they didn’t want to become Christians
(MIH see dohm in NEE kee)
tell of new laws
Charlemagne standardized money
Charlemagne allowed his daughters to learn reading and writing.
rumored Charlemagne couldn’t read or write
Charlemagne Legacy: strong efficient govts
furthered blending of German, Roman, & Christian traditions

7. Charlemagne

8. Feudalism and manorialsim flourished
Development of France
Treaty of Verdun in 843 A.D.
divided empire: Italy, Germany, France
Feudalism and manorialsim flourished
feudal warfare
Successors to Charlemagne had little power over great feudal nobles
Charlemagne died 814 – empire soon fell apart as heirs battled for power.
believed in primogeniture
groomed 1st son to succeed him, but son died just before Charlemagne did.
2nd son Louis the Pious had become an abbot & was spiritually minded
Charlemagne takes him out of the monastery
tried to groom him to become emperor
but he was incompetent emperor
When Louis the Pious dies, empire divided between 3 of Charlemagne’s grandsons.

9. Development of England
Angles, Saxons, and Vikings settled in England
Feudalism developed
English rulers kept kingdom united
1066 King Edward the Confessor dies
no heir
council of nobles chose Harold
Harold was brother-in-law to Edward.

10. Development of England
Duke William of Normandy
claims throne
raises army
backed by pope
Battle of Hastings in 1066
William and knights defeat King Harold
last invasion of England
Normandy in France.

11. Battle of Hastings
Normans build castles to control towns and other strategic posts along way.
and later throughout England
Introduction of Norman castles to England.

12. Development of England
Bayeux Tapestry
chronicles Norman conquest
valuable piece of historical evidence

13. Development of England
William the Conqueror → King William I
crowned king of England Christmas day 1066
French-speaking nobles dominated England
over next 300 years, gradual blending of
Norman-French & Anglo-Saxon
customs, languages, traditions
Latin influence on English language
English– one of Germanic languages
French – one of Romance languages
English received much of its Latin influence when Normans conquered England.
Gradually, big English landholders were replaced by Normans.
-- eventually almost the whole ruling class was changed.
Coronation story – cheers in Westminster Abbey as William was crowned made guards outside think a riot had begun
so they set fire to surrounding buildings.

14. Development of England
King William I
firm control
fiefs to Church and Norman lords
monitored who built castles and where
Domesday Book
complete and thorough census
helped build efficient tax collecting system
no one could escape
name compared to God’s final judgment day
Domesday Book – no one could escape
– name compared to God’s final judgment day

15. Development of England
Henry II
1154 inherits throne
expanded customs into law
(royal law)
sent traveling justices to enforce
foundations of English Common Law
legal system based on custom and court rulings
protects property
early jury system
married Eleanor of Aquitaine
a few kings between William and Henry II
could not write new laws – had to follow accepted customs
Common Law = royal law
Jury – traveling justices and local officials
-- determined which cases were brought to trial
-- ancestor of today’s grand jury
Later another jury evolved – composed of 12 neighbors of accused
-- ancestor of today’s trial jury

16. Development of England and France
Eleanor of Aquitaine
first married to France’s King Louis VII
joined Second Crusade
wore armor and rode horse with other Crusaders
she ended marriage to Louis VII
married England’s King Henry II
8 children
Richard (“the Lion-Hearted”)
John
spurred several sons to overthrow Henry II
revolt failed
15 years in prison
Eleanor 11 yrs older than Henry II.

17. Eleanor of Aquitaine

18. Development of England
Richard I
known as “the Lion-Hearted”
freed Eleanor from prison
popular national hero
reigned 10 years, less than 1 year in England
spent reign fighting, causing debt and taxes
a leader of Third Crusade
went for religious reasons
John ruled England for him
on way home, captured
held prisoner 14 months until ransomed at great cost
brother John attempted to take English throne
dies without heir

19. Richard I (Lionheart) John I

20. Development of England and France
John I
faced 3 powerful enemies
King Philip II of France
lost war & all of England’s land in France
English expelled from France
Pope Innocent III
battled over selection of Archbishop of Canterbury
excommunicated John and placed England under interdict
English nobles
angered by oppressive taxes & other abuses of power
One of most unpopular English kings.

21. Development of England
John I
provoked English nobles into revolt
economic difficulties and high inflation
civil war
nobles took sides for or against John
forced to sign Magna Carta in 1215
“Great Charter”
Economic difficulties – not his fault
-- remember Richard I spent reign fighting, causing debt and taxes
Legend -- Lost crown jewels taking a short cut across the Wash in 1216
-- got caught out by tide
He and many nobles supposedly get very sick from being in water so long trying to recover crown jewels.
May have died of dysentery (intestinal problem) as result.

22. Development of England
Magna Carta
1st document in English history where monarch does not have complete or absolute power
created limited monarchy
ideas still influence systems of government in many countries around world today
Written in Latin on parchment.
Copies to churches throughout England.
4 times each year, sheriff had to read aloud in county courts

23. Development of England
Magna Carta
places King of England under law
statement of civil liberties for noblemen
protects privileges of lords
recognizes legal rights of townspeople and Church
king agrees not to raise taxes without consulting the Great Council
representative body of lords and clergy
in 1200s, evolves into Parliament
Amer colonists – no taxation w/o representation

24. Evolution of English Government1
1066
Norman Conquest = William of Normandy defeats Anglo-Saxons at Hastings.
1086
Domesday Book = William I uses this survey as a basis for taxation.
1160s–1180s
Common Law = Henry II lays foundation for English legal system.
1215
Magna Carta = John signs this document limiting royal power and extending rights.
1295
Model Parliament = Edward I summons Parliament, which includes representatives of common people.

25. Development of England
Parliament
developed into 2 house legislature
House of Lords
nobles and high clergy (upper house)
House of Commons
knights and middle-class citizens, or commoners (lower house)
over centuries, gained crucial “power of the purse”
right to approve new taxes
checked or limited power of monarch
many practices of U.S. Congress have roots in practices of British Parliament
U.S. Congress – 2 house legislature
Senate and House of Reps

27. Successful Monarchs in France1
Successful Monarchs in France
Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. However, under strong Capetian kings, such as Philip II and Louis IX, they slowly increased royal power.
Philip II
Capetians
Louis IX
Granted charters to new towns
Introduced a standing army
Filled government positions with loyal middle-class officials
Introduced new national tax
Quadrupled land holdings
made the throne hereditary
added to their lands by playing rival nobles against each other
won the support of the Church
built an effective bureaucracy
Checked up on local officials
Expanded royal courts
Outlawed private wars.
Ended serfdom in his lands
Left France an efficient, centralized monarchy

28. Hugh Capet, count of Paris
Development of France
Hugh Capet, count of Paris
nobles elect him to throne 987 A.D.
weak, no threat to powerful nobles
lands smaller than many of his vassals
he and heirs increase royal powers
play rival nobles against each other
increase royal lands
won support of Church
and middle-class townspeople

29. Development of France Philip II also known as Philip Augustus
defeated John I and expelled English
most powerful ruler in Europe before death in 1223
strengthened royal government
used paid middle-class officials (more loyal)
instead of nobles
quadrupled royal land holdings

30. Development of France Louis IX most admired of his time
generous, noble, devoted to justice & chivalry
deeply religious, declared a saint
led France in 2 wars against Muslims
improved royal government
outlawed private wars
ended serfdom
created strong national feeling (nationalism)
established absolute monarchy
(complete authority)
St. Louis named for Louis IX

31. Louis IX – St. Louis

32. Development of France Philip IV established Estates General
tried to collect new taxes from clergy
threatened to arrest those who did not pay
power struggle with Pope Boniface VIII
forbade taxation of clergy without papal consent
threatened to excommunicate clergy who paid
seized Boniface when traveling near French border
escaped, but badly beaten
humiliated and never returned to Rome
died the next year
Boniface seized 1304

33. Development of France Estates General
established by Philip IV in 1302 in attempt to tax clergy
caused Babylonian Captivity
led to Great Schism
French legislature
includes reps from all 3 estates, or classes
clergy, nobles, townspeople
did not develop same role at British Parliament
never gained power of purse
never served as balance to royal power

34. Development of France and England
Absolute Monarchy
England
Limited Monarchy