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4. 3 Contents CHAPTER FOCUS SECTION 1France SECTION 2England SECTION 3The Hundred Years’ War SECTION 4Germany SECTION 5Spain CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER ASSESSMENT Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.

5. 4 Chapter Focus 1 Overview Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter 27 describes the growth of central governments in France, Germany, and Spain.  –Section 1 describes the English monarchy, the Magna Carta, and the parliament.  –Section 2 describes the English monarchy, the Magna Carta, and the Parliament.  –Section 3 analyzes the Hundred Years’ War.  –Section 4 explains the role of the Holy Roman Empire.  –Section 5 summarizes the unification of Spain.

6. 5 Chapter Focus 2 Objectives describe how the Capetian kings strengthened the French monarchy.  After studying this chapter, you will be able to: discuss limits placed on the English monarchy.  analyze the causes and results of the Hundred Years’ War.  explain how the Holy Roman Empire was created and ruled.  summarize how the Catholic monarchs united Spain. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

7. 6 Chapter Focus 3 Read to Discover Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 411 of your textbook. How the Capetian kings strengthened the French monarchy  What changes took place in the English monarchy during the Middle Ages  What the main causes and results were of the Hundred Years’ War  How the Holy Roman Empire was created and ruled  How the Catholic monarchs united Spain

8. 7 Chapter Focus 4 monarchies  circuit judges  grand jury  trial jury  dauphin  diet  corregidores  Hugh Capet  William the Conqueror  Joan of Arc  Frederick II  Ferdinand and Isabella  Terms to Learn People to Know Hastings  Orleans  Sicily  Holy Roman Empire  Granada Places to Locate Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker On button to listen to the words.

9. 8 The growth of trade and towns during the late Middle Ages led to many changes in western Europe. Some of these changes were political. The rise of monarchies, or countries governed by one ruler, led to the decline of feudalism. Chapter Focus 5 Why It’s Important Click the Speaker On button to replay the audio.

10. End of Chapter Focus

11. 10 Section 1-1 France In 987, Hugh Capet, a French noble, was chosen as the new king of France, which consisted of many feudal territories.  In 1108, Louis VI, known as “Louis the Fat,” became king and increased the power of the monarchy.  The king’s power was further increased under Philip II, also known as Philip Augustus, who ruled from 1179 to 1223.  In 1226, Philip’s grandson became King Louis IX. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 411 of your textbook.

12. 11 Section 1-2 France (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Louis IX brought peace and unity to France, ordered the nobles to stop feuding, and set up a royal court to settle disputes.  Philip IV, Louis’s grandson, known as “Philip the Fair,” ruled from 1285 to 1314.  He formed the Estates-General, an assembly of nobles, clergy, and townspeople, to help him run the country, marking the beginning of a national government in France.  By the time Philip IV died in 1314, France was united under one ruler.

13. 12 Section 1-Assessment 1 Section Assessment How did Louis VI increase the power of the monarchy? He got rid of nobles who did not fulfill their feudal duties and put loyal persons of lower birth in their place; stopped raids of lawless vassals; and granted charters of freedom to many towns. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

14. 13 Section 1-Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) What did Louis IX and Philip the Fair do to help unite France? Louis IX ordered the nobles to stop feuding and fighting duels, required use of royal coins, and set up a royal court. Philip the Fair seized English fortresses in France, went to war with the Flemish, set up a tax system, and formed the Estates-General. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

15. 14 Section 1-Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) Drawing Conclusions Why do you think Louis IX made it illegal for nobles to coin their own money? He may have done this to increase his power and promote unity. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

16. 15 Draw the diagram on page 413 of your textbook, and use it to summarize the accomplishments of these French kings: Hugh Capet, Louis VI, Philip II, Louis IX, and Philip IV. Review accomplishments summarized in Section 1. Section 1-Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

17. End of Section 1

18. 17 Section 2-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 413 of your textbook. England In 1042, the witenagemot made Edward the Confessor, an Anglo-Saxon prince, king of England.  Edward spent so much time in religious work that he failed to carry out his royal duties.  As a result, the nobles increased their hold on the country.  The most powerful noble was Harold Godwinson who became king when Edward died in 1066 without an heir.

19. 18 Section 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. William the Conqueror William, Duke of Normandy, a cousin of Edward the Confessor, claimed that before Edward died, he had promised him the English throne.  In 1066, William led an army of between 4,000 and 7,000 Norman knights across the channel to England.  They met Harold’s army in battle near Hastings, a town just south of London.  By nightfall, King Harold was dead, and the English were defeated.

20. 19 Section 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. William the Conqueror was crowned King William I of England.  William introduced feudalism and seized the lands of English nobles, divided them among Norman nobles, and they became his vassals.  He received advice from the witenagemot, now called the Great Council, and depended on such local officials as the sheriff. William the Conqueror (cont.)

21. 20 Section 2-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1086, he took a census and a survey of the land to tax the people properly.  William brought continental, or European mainland, ways to England. William the Conqueror (cont.)

22. 21 Section 2-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. After William’s death there were years of confusion, until William’s great-grandson became King Henry II of England, most of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales in 1154.  Henry II worked to reform English courts.  A central royal court was set up in London with trained lawyers as judges.  Circuit judges, or judges who travel throughout the country, brought the king's law to all parts of England. Henry II

23. 22 Section 2-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Henry also set up juries to settle quarrels, and two kinds developed.  –One was the grand jury, or a group of people who present to judges the names of people suspected of crimes.  –The other was the trial jury, or a group of people who decide whether a person accused of a crime is innocent or guilty.  Henry II (cont.) Henry II believed that everyone, even church officials, should be tried in the king's courts.

24. 23 Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. When Henry II died in 1189, his oldest son Richard, who was more interested in his French lands and fighting in the Crusades, became king.  When Richard died in 1199, his brother John became king of England.  John angered the nobles by increasing England’s taxes and ignoring the law.  In 1215, the nobles forced John to sign the Magna Carta, or Great Charter. Magna Carta and Parliament

25. 24 Section 2-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Magna Carta took away some of the king’s power.  The Magna Carta enforced the new idea that even a king is not above the law.  John died in 1216, and his son became King Henry III.  Henry was weak and allowed the feudal lords in the Great Council to rule England.  In 1264, Simon de Montfort, Henry's brother-in-law, came to power. Magna Carta and Parliament (cont.)

26. 25 Section 2-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Eight years later, the new king, Edward I, called for a meeting of representatives to advise and to help make laws.  Magna Carta and Parliament (cont.) This gathering, known as Parliament, gave the people a greater share in the ruling of England.  Parliament later broke into two separate groups: nobles and clergy met as the House of Lords, while knights and townspeople met as the House of Commons.

27. 26 Section 2-Assessment 1 Section Assessment How did the Normans win the Battle of Hastings? William’s soldiers pretended to retreat and attacked when the English broke formation to follow after them. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

28. 27 Section 2-Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) Why was King John forced to sign the Magna Carta? King John had increased taxes and had begun to ignore the law. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

29. 28 Section 2-Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) Predicting Consequences How might the history of the English government have been different if nobles had not forced King John to sign the Magna Carta? Answers will vary. England might not have developed a system of government in which the people have a share in ruling. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

30. 29 Section 2-Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Draw a diagram like the one on page 416 of your textbook, and use it to show some of the milestones in democracy that took place in medieval England. Milestones include: invasion of William the Conqueror and his efforts to end feudalism; William’s use of the Great Council; 1086 census to determine fair taxation; use of circuit judges, grand jury, and trial by jury under Henry II, signing of Magna Carta, creation of Parliament Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

31. End of Section 2

32. 31 Section 3-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3 begins on page 417 of your textbook. The Hundred Years’ War In the early 1300s, the French kings wanted to rid France of the English who held a small part of southwest France.  In 1337, England and France fought the first in a long series of battles known as the Hundred Years’ War.  The English defeated the French at the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and again at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.  The English owed their land success to a new weapon, the longbow.

33. 32 Section 3-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Joan of Arc By 1429, much of France was in English hands and Charles, the French dauphin, or eldest son of the king, was fighting the English for the French throne.  A 17-year-old French peasant named Jeanne d’Arc, or Joan of Arc, told Charles that God had sent her and that if she had an army she would free Orleans.  Charles consented and within ten days, the city was free, and Joan became known as the “Maid of Orleans.”

34. 33 Section 3-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Shortly after, with Joan at his side, the dauphin was crowned King Charles VII of France.  By 1453, the French had driven the English from all of France except the seaport of Calais, and the war came to an end. Joan of Arc (cont.)

35. 34 Section 3-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Both France and England were changed by the Hundred Years’ War.  By 1500, French feudal territories were unified under the king's rule.  England, too, was unified by the war, but its monarchy was weakened.  The common people in both England and France became more important. Results of the War

36. 35 Section 3- Assessment 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Why did France and England go to war? The kings of France wanted to drive the English out, and Edward III of England declared himself king of France. Section Assessment

37. 36 Section 3- Assessment 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) How did the Hundred Years’ War affect French and English peasants? They became more important.

38. 37 Section 3- Assessment 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Understanding Cause and Effect What was the connection between the Hundred Years’ War and the end of feudalism? Kings took control of feudal territories, England and France were unified, and peasants became more important.

39. 38 Section 3- Assessment 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Draw the diagram on page 419 of your textbook, and use it to show facts about Joan of Arc’s life. Use the People in History feature to answer this question.

40. End of Section 3

41. 40 Section 4-1 Section 4 begins on page 419 of your textbook. Germany During the 900s, Germany was the most important country in western Europe.

42. 41 Section 4-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Otto I In 936, Otto I became king of Germany.  He turned to the Roman Catholic Church for help, which desired to set up a Christian Roman Empire in western Europe.  In 951, he marched into Italy, and in 962, he led an army to Rome to free the Pope from the control of Roman nobles.  In return, the Pope crowned Otto I emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, a large new state made up of Germany and northern Italy.

43. 42 Section 4-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1152, Frederick I, called Barbarossa, or “red beard,” became emperor.  Frederick’s attempts to control the nobles and unify the empire worked against him.  While leading the Third Crusade in 1190, Frederick drowned in a river in Asia Minor. Frederick I

44. 43 Section 4-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1220, Frederick II, Frederick I’s grandson, became emperor.  Since Frederick II was raised in Palermo, Sicily, he concentrated on ruling Sicily.  Frederick was excommunicated from the church when he began taking over church land in Italy.  The German princes broke away from Frederick’s rule and made Germany a loose grouping of states under their control. Frederick II

45. 44 Section 4-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Whenever an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire died, the German princes met in a diet, or assembly, to elect a new emperor.  In 1273, the princes elected Rudolf, a member of the Hapsburg family, as emperor.  He and members of his family served as Holy Roman emperors for about the next 650 years.  One important Hapsburg was Maximilian I, who became emperor in 1493. The Hapsburgs

46. 45 Section 4-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. He worked to extend the empire’s power all through Europe.  By marrying his children into other European royal families, he brought countries under Hapsburg control. The Hapsburgs (cont.)

47. 46 Section 4- Assessment 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. How were the German emperors able to control the office of Pope in the late 900s and early 1000s? Otto had freed the Pope from the control of Roman nobles. In return, the Pope crowned him Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Section Assessment

48. 47 Section 4- Assessment 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) How did the Hapsburgs come to power? They came to power through an election in a diet, or assembly, of German princes.

49. 48 Section 4- Assessment 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Drawing Conclusions Why do you think a strong rule by a king or queen did not develop in Germany? Answers will vary but might include the idea that Germany was a loose grouping of states under the control of German princes. Also, emperors were elected by German princes rather than by inheriting the position.

50. 49 Section 4- Assessment 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Draw the diagram on page 422 of your textbook, and use it to show the achievements of German rulers in the Middle Ages. Completed charts will review efforts to promote unity and expand German power.

51. End of Section 4

52. 51 Section 5-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 5 begins on page 423 of your textbook. Spain The Moors conquered Spain in 711, bringing learning and luxury.  Most Spaniards were Christians that opposed Muslim rule and banded together to drive out the Moors in the 1200s.  Spain was made up of several kingdoms; the most powerful were Castile and Aragon.  In 1469, Prince Ferdinand of Aragon married Princess Isabella of Castile, uniting their kingdoms into one country.

53. 52 Section 5-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Spain (cont.) King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella sent royal officials called corregidores to govern the towns.  Ferdinand and Isabella believed all Spaniards should be Catholic in order for Spain to be truly unified.  Believing these new Christians were practicing their old religion in secret, they set up the Spanish Inquisition.  In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella told the remaining Jews to convert or leave the country.

54. 53 Section 5-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1502, the Catholic Monarchs ordered the remaining Moors to convert or leave.  Spain (cont.) Spain was now weakened, because most of its artisans, merchants, bankers, doctors, and educators had been either Jews or Moors.  After these people left, there were few trained Spaniards to take their place.

55. 54 Section 5- Assessment 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. How did Ferdinand and Isabella control the nobles and keep order in Spain? They took away some of their privileges, sent corregidores to govern the towns, and set up special courts in the countryside. Section Assessment

56. 55 Section 5- Assessment 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) How did Ferdinand and Isabella use religion to unite Spain? They forced the Jews and the Moors to convert to Christianity or leave the country.

57. 56 Section 5- Assessment 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Predicting Consequences How might Spain have been different if the Spanish king and queen had allowed freedom of religion? Answers will vary but might include that the artisans, merchants, bankers, doctors, and educators who were needed to keep the nation strong would not have left Spain.

58. 57 Section 5- Assessment 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section Assessment (cont.) Draw the diagram that is on page 424 of your textbook, and use it to show the causes and effects of Ferdinand and Isabella’s united Catholic monarchy. causes–opposition to Moorish control, marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella effects–decreased privileges for nobles; use of corregidores; persecution of non-Catholics and establishment of Inquisition; defeat of Moors at Granada; loss of most of Spain’s artisans, merchants, bankers, doctors, and educators who had been Jews or Moors.

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60. 59 Chapter Summary 1 Chapter Summary & Study Guide The rise of trade and towns in western Europe led to the rise of strong monarchies.  The Capetian dynasty strengthened the French monarchy by granting town charters and by setting up a national court, a national currency, a tax system, and the Estates-General.  William the Conqueror defeated the English at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and brought the system of feudalism to England. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

61. 60 Chapter Summary 2 Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Henry II strengthened England by imposing his law on the land and by reforming courts.  In 1215, English nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, which established the idea that a king was not above the law.  In 1272, Edward I set up Parliament to advise him.  During the Hundred Years’ War, fought between 1337 and 1453, Joan of Arc led armies to force the English from France.

62. 61 Chapter Summary 3 Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Because of the Hundred Years’ War, both France and England were unified and the common people became more important.  The Pope crowned Otto I emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 962. However, future German emperors had a hard time uniting unruly German princes.  The Hapsburg family ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1273 until the early 1900s.  By 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella had conquered the Moors and made Spain a united Catholic country.

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64. 63 Chapter Assessment 1 Understanding the Main Idea How did the Estates-General help strengthen the French monarchy? It united the nobles, clergy, and townspeople. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

65. 64 Chapter Assessment 2 What changes did the Magna Carta bring about in English government? It increased the nobles’ power, gave freemen the right to a trial, and said that the king had to obey laws. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

66. 65 Chapter Assessment 3 Why did the position of the common people in England and France improve as a result of the Hundred Years’ War? It improved because many had died, and those who remained were greatly needed as workers. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

67. 66 Chapter Assessment 4 How did Otto I set up a Christian Roman Empire in western Europe? He made his loyal followers bishops and abbots and gave them government posts. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

68. 67 Chapter Assessment 5 What did the Moors bring to Spain? They brought learning and luxury. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

69. 68 Chapter Assessment 6 Understanding the Main Idea What was the purpose of the Spanish Inquisition? Its purpose was to deal with heresy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

70. 69 Chapter Assessment 7 If you had been King John, how would you have reacted to the demand that you sign the Magna Carta? Explain your answer. Critical Thinking

71. 70 Chapter Assessment 8 If you had been Joan of Arc, what decision would you have made about attacking the English at Orleans? Explain your answer. Critical Thinking

72. 71 Chapter Assessment 9 How did the Hundred Years’ War both help and hurt England and France? It helped by unifying them but hurt the countries by resulting in the deaths of many peasants. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking

73. 72 Chapter Assessment 10 Would you have agreed or disagreed with Ferdinand and Isabella that all people in a country should follow the same religion? Explain. Critical Thinking

74. 73 Chapter Assessment 11 Place Refer to the map on page 422 of your textbook. There were several places outside the control of either the English or the Holy Roman Empire. What geographic features do these places have in common? They are on the outer fringes of Europe and are widely spaced and most often surrounded by water. Geography in History Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

75. 74 Chapter Assessment 12 If medieval monarchs had been able to access modern technology, they might have avoided some of their problems. Assume the role of one of these monarchs and name a modern invention you could have used and what problem it would have solved.

76. End of Chapter Assessment

77. 76 History Online Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com

78. 77 Global Chronology Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. 1215 A.D. Magna Carta is signed 1066 A.D. William the Conqueror invades England 1272 A.D. Edward I sets up Parliament

79. 78 Global Chronology Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. 1337 A.D. Hundred Years’ War begins 1273 A.D. Hapsburg dynasty is founded 1492 A.D. Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain

80. 79 People in History 3.1 Born a peasant, Joan began to hear heavenly voices as a child. They urged her to drive the English from France. At age 17, Joan convinced the king’s son to give her an army. She battled the English for seven months before she was captured. The English turned her over to Church officials sympathetic to their cause. They demanded that Joan deny that she was guided by heaven. When she refused, they burned her at the stake. A later court found Joan innocent, and in 1920 the Catholic Church declared her a saint. Joan of Arc c. 1412–1431 French Heroine

81. 80 Fun Facts 1.1 Louis IX gave his son this advice on governing: “Hold yourself steadfast to your subjects and vassals …. And if a poor man have a quarrel with a rich man, sustain the poor rather the rich, until this truth is made clear.” Royal Advice

82. 81 Fun Facts 2.1 The Domesday Book got this popular name because people said there was no chance of arguing with its records. That is, its determinations were as final as those of God on doomsday–the Day of Judgment. The Final Say

83. 82 Then & Now Contents 2 Language Constitutions Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.

84. 83 Then & Now 2.1 For years after the Norman Conquest, the upper classes in England spoke Norman French, the lower classes Anglo-Saxon English. Modern English preserves this double heritage. Words for farm animals are mainly Anglo- Saxon: ox and cow, pig, sheep. Words for cooked meat, once served mainly to the upper classes, come from French: beef, pork, mutton (from boeuf, porc, mouton). Language

85. 84 Then & Now 2.2 Unlike the United States, the United Kingdom does not have a single written document called a “constitution.” Instead, British leaders govern according to a series of laws and charters. The oldest of those is the Magna Carta. Constitutions

86. 85 Then & Now 5.1 In 1990 Spain finally overturned the 1492 order calling for the expulsion or conversion of the Jews. Now both Judaism and Protestantism are on an equal basis with Roman Catholicism, giving all three religions the same tax breaks and privileges. Equal Footing

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