6-3 Notes: Kingdoms and Crusades

England in the Middle Ages Angles and Saxons invaded Britain in the early 400s ACE, and took over land from the Celts and set up small kingdoms Late 800s - Vikings attack Britain King Alfred of Wessex, known as Alfred the Great, united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and drove away the Vikings Alfred’s united kingdoms became known as “Angleland,” or England Alfred (ruled ) founded schools and hired scholars to re-write Latin books into the Anglo-Saxon language Weak rulers followed him

William the Conqueror 900s ACE - Vikings conquered part of Western France (“Normandy”) across the English Channel from England Named “Normandy” after the Norsemen (Vikings) that ruled it 1000s ACE - Normandy ruled by William, a descendent of the Viking rulers and a cousin of King Edward of England When Edward died, a noble named Harold Godwinson claimed England’s throne William and his knights defeated Harold and his foot soldiers at the Battle of Hastings and became crowned King of England

William and the Anglo-Saxons At first the Anglo-Saxons resisted William’s rule William set up a feudalistic system in England by giving land to his Norman knights in return for their loyalty William took the first census (Domesday Book) in Europe since the Roman times, counting people, manors, and farm animals Under William’s rule his court and officials spoke French Anglo-Saxons spoke their own language, which later became English Anglo-Saxon and Norman culture gradually mixed into English culture

Henry II and the Common Law Henry II ruled England from 1154 to 1189 ACE Henry set up a court system to increase his power He had a central court with trained lawyers and judges and appointed circuit judges who traveled across the country hearing cases He also established a body of common law, the same set throughout the whole kingdom Henry also set up juries to handle arguments Grand juries decided whether or not a person should be accused of a crime and a trial jury decided whether or not the accused was guilty or innocent

Magna Carta Henry’s son John became king of England in 1199 John raised taxes and punished his enemies without trials Nobles refused to obey him unless he agreed to guarantee certain rights Nobles met with King John at a meadow called Runnymede in 1215 and forced him to sign the Magna Carta, which took away some of the kings powers The king could no longer collect taxes unless a group called the Great Council agreed Freemen accused of crimes had the right to fair trials by their peers England developed the concept of habeas corpus (protects an individual against indefinite imprisonment without a trial) Magna Carta also stated that the king and vassals both had certain rights and that government is limited

Parliament 1200s ACE - Edward I, King of England, called for a meeting of people from different parts of England Their job was to advise him and help him make laws This gathering was called Parliament Important step towards establishing representative government Parliament was at first made of two knights of each county, two people of each town, and all high-ranking nobles and church officials Later Parliament became two houses: High-ranking nobles and Church officials (House of Lords) and knights and townspeople (House of Commons)

The Kingdom of France 843 ACE - Charlemagne’s empire was divided into 3 parts The western part eventually became the kingdom of France 987 ACE - Frankish nobles chose Hugh Capet to be king of France (established the Capetian dynasty) Capetians controlled the area around Paris, the capital but nobles had more power than the king Philip II ruled from ACE Drove out English from parts of Western France Philip IV (Philip the Fair) ruled from Philip IV met with representatives from three estates, or classes (clergy, nobles, townspeople), of French society Estates-General, France’s first Parliament

Eastern Europe and Russia 500s ACE - A people called the Slavs organized villages in Eastern Europe Slavs divided into three groups: the southern Slavs became the Croats, Serbs, and Bulgarians; the western Slavs became the Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks; the eastern Slavs became the Ukrainians and Russians Late 700s ACE - Vikings began moving into the Slavs territory from the north Vikings slowly took over and the Slavs called the Viking rulers the Rus (they eventually blended through intermarriage) Around 900 ACE - Viking leader named Oleg created a Rus state around the city of Kiev (called the Kievan Rus) Growth of the Kievan Rus attracted missionaries from the Byzantine Empire Vladimir, a Rus ruler, married the Byzantine Emperor’s sister and he and his people became Eastern Orthodox

Kiev falls to the Mongols 1240 ACE - Mongols swept into the Kievan Rus, killing many people and destroying major cities Slavs called the Mongols “Tatars” because one of the Mongol tribe names was Tata Novgorod was the only city to survive (they paid the Mongols tribute and accepted the Mongols as rulers) Novgorod was still attacked by Germans and Swedes Alexander Nevsky and the Slavs of Novgorod defeated the Swedes and Germans, and the Mongol Khan awarded Nevsky with the title of grand duke

The Rise of Moscow Moscow began to grow because the city was located near several important trade routes Nevsky’s son Daniel and his descendants became rulers Rulers of Moscow married women from ruling families in other Slavic towns They fought wars against neighbors to expand their territory Moscow later became headquarters for the Russian branch of the Eastern Orthodox Church 1462 ACE - Ivan III became ruler of Moscow Married Sophia, niece of the last Byzantine Emperor Built fine palaces and large cathedrals in the Kremlin, a fortress at the center of Moscow Ivan began calling himself “Czar” too, which is a shortened version of Caesar Ivan finally drove the Mongols out of Russia Expanded his territory to the north and west too before dying in 1505

The Crusades During the Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire came under attack 1071 ACE - an army of Muslim Turks defeated the Byzantines and took over most of Asia Minor Byzantine Emperor asked the Pope for help defending his Christian empire 1095 ACE - Pope Urban II, in a speech in front of a large crowd in eastern France, asked Europe’s lords to crusade, or make holy war, against the Muslim Turks Urged them to recapture Jerusalem and free the land where Jesus lived “God Wills It” cried out the excited crowd

Early Victories Thousands on horseback and tens of thousands on foot headed east Many wore red crosses on their clothes as sign of obedience to the Pope’s call 1098 ACE - 1st Crusade conquered Antioch in Syria Crusaders conquered Jerusalem after a bloody fight killing Jews, Muslims, and Christians alike Crusaders created four crusader states: Kingdom of Jerusalem, county of Edessa, principality of Antioch, and the county of Tripoli The states were surrounded by Muslims and relied on Italian cities such as Genoa, Pisa, and Venice for supplies Muslims captured Edessa 2nd Crusade sent as a response but was a failure Saladin became ruler of Egypt and declared war on the Christian states built by the Crusaders Saladin defeated the Christians and captured Jerusalem in 1187

Later Crusades and their legacy The Fall of Jerusalem led to the Third Crusade Holy Roman Emperor Frederick, King Richard I of England, and King Philip II of France all agreed to fight Frederick drowned crossing a river After Philip II left, Richard agreed to a truce with Saladin so that Christian pilgrims could travel safely to Jerusalem 1200 ACE - Pope Innocent III called for a fourth crusade Merchants from Venice had Crusaders travel to and sack Constantinople to weaken their trading partner Six more crusades were launched over the next 60 years 1291 ACE - last Christian Crusader city fell to Muslims Crusades helped to increase trade between east and west and destroy feudalism, giving power to kings