Challenges and Changes in the Movement Chapter 29 Section 3

Objective & Do Now Objective: understand what led to the rise of black militarism Do Now: Is the legacy of the Civil Rights movement & Black Panthers alive today?

I African Americans Seek Greater Equality A. Northern Segregation By 1965 civil rights movement and leaders began drifting apart  new leaders emerging who focus on the north N prob = de facto segregation (custom & practice)  harder to fight than de jure segregation (law) Easier to change specific laws (Jim Crow) than to change ppls hearts and minds De facto segregation increased as Af. Amer.  ton cities after WWII  the white flight Decaying slums/discrimination/stagnant poverty  violence

B. Urban Violence Erupts 5 days after Voting Rights Act  LA race riots last for 36 days Rage expressed by Af. Amer. Communities not understood by whites especially after all victories for civ rights law Did not see the econ, jobs, housing & EDU inequality LBJ’s War on Poverty = program designed to help impoverished Americans War in Vietnam took econ. Resources away from prog. & LBJ’s Great Society

II New Leader Voice Discontent A. African American Solidarity Growing belief that Af. Amer. Should be in control of their own com. Malcom X was one of these leaders Studied teaching of the Nation of Islam aka Black Muslims Became minister of Muslim faith Preached whites were cause of the conditions found in black com. & that they should be separate from white society Appealed to many as pride in their culture was rising in Af. Amer. Com.

Advocated self defense rather than nonviolence Gained media attention that had 2 results Call for self defense frightened many whites Reawakened resentment in other members of the Nation of Islam

B. Ballots or Bullets Malcom breaks from Nation of Islam & forms another Muslim org. Makes pilgrimage to Mecca & learns of orthodox islam teachings that preach equality of all races  change of view towards whites Ballots of Bullets explanation Malcom X assassinated

C. Black Power James Meridith shot in “march against fear”  SCLC (MLK) CORE (McKissick) & SNCC (Stokley Carmichael) continue what he started SNCC & CORE shout militant slogans like followers of black seperatists MLK “We shall overcome” drowned out by “We shal overrun” Carmichael arrested  Black power speech (Pg 874) Black Power slogan electrified the crowd  MLK & other urge him to stop using it out of fear it might provoke Af. Amer. Violence and antagonize whites Calls for Af. Amer. To begin to define their own goals  urges SNCC to stop recruiting whites & focus on Af. Amer. Pride

D. Black Panther’s Huey Newton & Bobby Seal form new political power called Black Panthers Fight against police brutality in the ghetto Advocated taking control of their communities & exemption of Af. Amer. From mil. Service  unfair of Af. Amer. Drafted in Vietnam Black burets, sunglasses, black leather jackets Preached armed revolt  FBI investigations (sometimes illegal) Recruited members from SNCC & gained support from ghettos for providing services

E. MLK’s Assassination Knew his life was in danger  assassinated by James Earl Ray RFK calls for peace (Pg.875) MLK’s death  race riots all over the country RFK assassinated

III Legacy of Civil Rights Movement Kerner Commission investigate urban violence writes report  main reason= white racism Called for end of de facto segregation but LBJ doesn’t follow recs. Because of white opposition Civil Rights movement brought end of de jure segregation  higher education & voting among Af. Amer. Also greater pride to Af. Amer. Culture  black studies & mainstreamed culture Still combated de facto segregation Made worse by white flight Affirmative action  some criticize