1. CH. 28 STUDENT NOTES
PART 2 OF 3

2. JFK: CIVIL RIGHTS Bombingham: city defined by its racial violence
“Letter from Birmingham Jail”
Asked that people stand up and protest
Police Commissioner “Bull” Connor
Kennedy saw brutality, knew he needed to intervene
Sent Civil Rights bill to congress

3. MARCH ON WASHINGTON
Civil Rights bill sent to Congress eliminate segregation
To persuade Congress to pass the bill, civil rights supporters marched on Washington
Listened to MLK make his “I have a dream” speech

4. RIGHT TO VOTE
Freedom Summer: summer of 1964, activists, mostly college students, traveled throughout the south to get AA registered

5. Civil Rights Act of 1964: banned segregation in public places
Voting Rights Act of 1965: eliminated restrictions put on voting

6. Segregation In North
De facto segregation- exists in practice and custom
De jure – by law
Movement shift – southern oppression to northern inequality
South consumed by unequal laws, north unequal in mind
“white flight” caused decaying city slumps for AA pop.

7. Affirmative Action
Attempts to prevent discrimination by forcing employers and universities to hire a certain percentage of minority groups or to give them compensatory preferential treatment
Burdens of racism and sexism can be overcome only by taking race and sex into account
Not enough to provide rights; they must be given benefits

8. Black Power Movement
Black power meant that African Americans should unite, learn their heritage, define their own goals, lead their own organizations, and reject white racism
“It means putting power in black people's hands. We don't have any, and we want some. That is simply what it means."

9. BLACK POWER Stokely Carmichael:
AA should define goals and lead own organizations
Preached self-defense and against Vietnam b/c of draft
“We are oppressed because we are black. And in order to get out of that oppression [we] must wield… group power”

10. Panthers Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Black Panther Party
Pan Africanism movement
Cultural Movement: made black beautiful
Black Studies

11. Malcolm X
Born Malcolm Little, jailed at 20, read Nation of Islam, black Muslims
Black nationalism: espoused economic power and a sense of community for African Americans based on principles of racial pride and separatism
Frightened whites aka “Blue-eyed white devils”
“any means necessary”

12. Malcolm X
Rejected by most black Muslims, formed another Muslim organization
Learned orthodox Islam: preach racial equality
Feb – assassinated

13. Death of a King MLK disagreed with Black Panthers
Knew he wasn’t going to be around to see end of racism
April 4, 1968, shot while at a hotel in TN
Robert Kennedy addressed all AA crowd to carry on message
Riots ensued
Kennedy assassinated 2 months later