1. Standard Addressed: Students analyze the development of federal civil rights and voting rights.
Lesson Objectives: Section 3 - Challenges and Changes in the Movement 1. Compare segregation in the North with segregation in the South. 2. Identify the leaders who shaped the Black Power movement. 3. Describe the reaction to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. 4. Summarize the accomplishments of the civil rights movement.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS
CARES
Commitment
Attitude
Respect
Encouragement
Safety

3. Challenges and Changes in the Movement
Section 3
Challenges and Changes
in the Movement
Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism create a violent period in the fight for civil rights.
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4. Challenges and Changes in the Movement3
SECTION
Challenges and Changes
in the Movement
African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Northern Segregation
• De facto segregation exists by practice, custom; problem in North
Continued . . .
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6. Race Covenant

7. Challenges and Changes in the Movement3
SECTION
Challenges and Changes
in the Movement
African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Northern Segregation
• De jure segregation is segregation required by law
• WW II black migration to Northern cities results in “white flight”
• 1960s, most urban blacks live in slums; landlords ignore ordinances
• Black unemployment twice as high as white
• Many blacks angry at treatment received from white police officers
Continued . . .
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9. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3
1. What is the main difference between de facto and de jure segregation?
De facto segregation exists by practice and custom;
de jure segregation exists by law.

10. 3
SECTION
continued African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Urban Violence Erupts
Mid-1960s, numerous clashes between white authority, black civilians
- many result in riots
Many whites baffled by African-American rage
Blacks want, need equal opportunity in jobs, housing, education
Money for War on Poverty, Great Society redirected to Vietnam War
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11. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
A – How were civil rights problems in Northern cities similar to those in the South?
Both Northern and Southern blacks experienced poverty and inferior schools, and their civil rights demands were met with white anger and violence and police brutality.

12. New Leaders Voice Discontent3
SECTION
New Leaders Voice Discontent
African-American Solidarity
• Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate blacks separate from whites
- believe whites source of black problems
• Malcolm X—controversial Muslim leader, speaker; gets much publicity
• Frightens whites, moderate blacks; resented by other Black Muslims
Continued . . .
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13. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3
2. How did the ideas of SNCC differ from those of the Nation of Islam?
SNCC believed in nonviolent civil disobedience and racial harmony.
The Nation of Islam believed that whites were evil and that blacks should separate from white society;
it advocated the use of armed self­ defense

14. New Leaders Voice Discontent3
SECTION
New Leaders Voice Discontent
Ballots or Bullets?
Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s attitude toward whites
Splits with Black Muslims; is killed in 1965 while giving speech
Continued . . .
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15. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3
3. How did the early views of Malcolm X differ from his later ideas?
Early on, Malcolm X believed in the teachings of the Nation of Islam;
later, his attitude toward whites softened, and he advocated the use of ballots over bullets

16. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
B – What were some of the causes of urban rioting in the 1960’s?
De facto segregation, police brutality, rundown communities and schools, and high unemployment.

17. 3
SECTION
continued New Leaders Voice Discontent
Black Power
• CORE, SNCC become more militant; SCLC pursues traditional tactics
• Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for Black Power:
- African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites
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18. Stokely Carmichael, AKA Kwame Ture (1941 – 1998),
activist in the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. he graduated from Howard University; first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced "snick") and later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party.

19. 3
SECTION
continued New Leaders Voice Discontent
Black Panthers
• Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black self-sufficiency
• Preach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent confrontations with police
• Provide social services in ghettos, win popular support
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20. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3
4. What changes took place in Stokely Carmichael’s membership in civil rights organizations?
Carmichael was an organizer for SNCC and later became a Black Panther

21. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
C – Why did some Americans find Malcolm X’s views alarming?
He blamed black poverty and social inferiority on whites and advocates armed resistance to white oppression.

22. 1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights3
SECTION
1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights
King’s Death
King objects to Black Power movement, preaching of violence
Seems to sense own death in Memphis speech to striking workers
Is shot, dies the following day, April 4, 1968
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23. James Earl Ray
James Earl Ray (March 10, 1928 – April 23, 1998) was an American criminal convicted of the assassination of civil rights and anti-war activist Martin Luther King, Jr.
Ray was convicted on March 10, 1969, after entering a guilty plea to forgo a jury trial. Had he been found guilty by jury trial, he would have been eligible for the death penalty.
He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He later recanted his confession and tried unsuccessfully to gain a new trial. He died in prison of hepatitis C.

24. 1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights3
SECTION
1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights
Reactions to King’s Death
King’s death leads to worst urban rioting in U.S. history
- over 100 cities affected
Robert Kennedy assassinated two months later
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27. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
D – Why did some leaders of SCLC disagree with SNCC?
SCLC leaders worried that calls for Black Power would provoke black violence and alienate whites.

29. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement3
SECTION
Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Causes of Violence
• Kerner Commission names racism as main cause of urban violence
Civil Rights Gains
• Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibits discrimination in housing
More black students finish high school, college; get better jobs
Greater pride in racial identity leads to Black Studies programs
More African-American participation in movies, television
Increased voter registration results in more black elected officials
Continued . . .
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30. In 1961, Huey Newton met Bobby Seale when they were both students at Merritt College. In 1965, the Lowndes County Freedom Organization, an independent political party in rural Alabama adopted the black panther as a symbol.

31. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3
5. How did the ideas of SNCC differ from those of the Black Panthers?
SNCC believed in nonviolent civil disobedience and racial harmony;
the Black Panthers advocated Black Nationalism, black power, and armed revolt

32. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
E – Why was the public reaction to the Black Panthers mixed?
Americans feared the Black Panther’s rhetoric and their involvement in violence;
Some poor African Americans benefited from their community programs.

33. 3
SECTION
continued Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Unfinished Work
Forced busing, higher taxes, militancy, riots reduce white support
White flight reverses much progress toward school integration
Unemployment, poverty higher than for whites
• Affirmative action—extra effort to hire, enroll discriminated groups
1960s, colleges, companies doing government business adopt policy
Late 1970s, some criticize policy as reverse discrimination
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36. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
F – What were some accomplishments of the civil rights movement?
End of legalized segregation;
Increased pride in racial identity;
Protection of civil rights and voting rights;
More African Americans voters, elected officials,
More high school, and college graduates.
They secured through the civil rights movement,
which helped change national opinion,
and through resulting federal intervention and passage of federal laws
Voting Rights Act of 1965.

38. Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3
6. What gains were made by the civil rights and Black Power movements? Identify four.
ended de jure segregation;
the integration of educational facilities;
the growth of affirmative action programs
significant increase in African American voters;
greater visibility of African Americans in movies and on TV;
new college programs in African­ American history and literature;
a significant increase in the number of elected African-American officials;
the passage of civil rights laws; an increased awareness of de facto segregation;
increased pride and awareness of racial identity among many African Americans;
significant increases in the number of African Americans who finished high school and went to college;