1. Section 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement
Chapter 21
Section 3
Challenges and Changes in the Movement

2. Northern Segregation
De facto- segregation that exists by practice and custom
De jure- segregation by law
“white flight”
Most African-Americans live in city slums in apartments buildings not following housing or health codes

3. Urban Violence Race riots in Chicago, Harlem, Watts due to Segregation
Police brutality
Poor schools
High unemployment
African-Americans desire economic equality of opportunity in jobs, housing, education…

4. African-American Solidarity
Malcolm X studied the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, head of the Nation of Islam
Whites were the cause of the black condition and that blacks should separate from white society

5. Ballots or Bullets
In March of 1964, Malcolm X broke with the Nation of Islam.
Went on a pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Upon returning to America, his attitude changed
February 21, 1965 assassinated

6. Black Power
James Meredith went on a 225 mile “walk against fear” but was shot
MLK of SCLC
Floyd McKissick of CORE
Stokely Carmichael of SNCC uses the slogan “Black Power”
MLK disagrees with the slogan feeling it leads to violence and antagonizes whites

7. Black Panthers Led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Advocated self-sufficiency , full employment and decent housing
Preached self-defense (carry loaded weapons within the law)
Established day care centers, free breakfast programs, free medical clinics

8. 1968- A Turning Point MLK objected to Black Power movement
April 4, 1968 MLK shot by James Earl Ray in Memphis supporting a garbage workers’ strike
Over 100 cities reacted to MLK’s death with riots

9. Robert Kennedy Campaigning for Democratic presidential nomination
Speech in Indianapolis – what was the message?
June 1968, assassinated due to his support of Israel

10. Legacy of Civil Rights Movement
March 1968, Kerner Commission, appointed to study the causes of urban violence, issues report
The cause: white racism
Recommendation of job creation, new housing, end de facto segregation

11. Civil Rights Gains Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 (housing)
Voting Rights Act
high school and college graduates
College programs Black art/history/literature
Pride in racial identity
political gains- voters, elected officials

12. Unfinished Work Housing and job discrimination Educational inequality
Poverty
Racism
Affirmative action – making special efforts to enroll groups that have suffered discrimination