1. CHAPTER 21 SECTION 3 CIVIL RIGHTS

2. AFRICAN AMERICANS SEEK EQUALITY New direction Equality Change social / economic structures New leaders Attention turned to the North

3. THE NORTH De facto segregation Exists by practice and custom Harder to fight – because you have to change peoples attitudes De jure segregation Exists by law “White Flight” moved to Suburbs Decaying slums Deteriorating schools High unemployment Nobody would hire African Americans

4. URBAN VIOLENCE Race Riots New York City July, 1964 Watts, Los Angeles August 11, 1965 Wanted economic equality in jobs, housing and education

5. NEW LEADERS Malcolm X (Little) Jailed at 20 Studied teachings of the Nation of Islam Black Muslims Islamic minister preached Whites the cause of black condition Separate from white society advocated Armed self-defense http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRSgUTWffMQ&list=PLFF894240659A7ACE

6. CONT. Broke from Nation of Islam Went on Pilgrimage to Mecca Orthodox Islam Racial equality Attitude towards whites changed new slogan“Ballots or Bullets” “well if you and I don’t use the ballot, we’re going to be forced to use the bullet, so let us try the ballot” February 21, 1965 Giving a speech in Harlem Shot / killed

7. BLACK POWER James Meredith (Ole Miss) 225 mile walk to racist areas “Walk against fear” Tennessee to Jackson Shot by white racist, injured Stokely Carmichael, SNCC “We shall overrun” People began to shift away from MLK’s peaceful ways BLACK POWER, call for black people to begin to define their own goals….and to lead their own organizations. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjvdHaOqiYI

8. BLACK POWER Black Panthers POLITICAL PARTY Fight Police brutality Self-defense Self sufficiency Full employment Decent Housing Vietnam Draft Unfair ratio Daycare centers Free breakfast program Free medical clinics Assistance to homeless

9. 1968 – A TURNING POINT IN CIVIL RIGHTS Martin Luther King Assassinated April 4, 1968 Memphis, TN Hotel Balcony Shooter = James Earl Ray Robert Kennedy That night he made a speech / plea for nonviolence http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6mxL2cqxrA Killed June 1968 Jordanian Immigrant= Upset over Israeli support November, new presidential election

10. LEGACY Civil Right Act of 1968 Ended discrimination in housing School attendance increased Led to better jobs / business opportunities Greater pride in racial identity By 1970 2/3 (eligible) registered to vote More elected officials Affirmative Action Efforts to hire / enroll groups that have suffered discrimination Reverse Discrimination? Quotas