1. Challenges and Changes in the Movement

2. African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Northern Segregation
De jure segregation
Segregation by law
De facto segregation
Segregation by practice and custom
Harder to fight
Requires change of racist attitudes, not laws

3. Urban Violence Erupts July 1964 – Harlem riot
Response to death of 15-yr old African American student

4. Watts Riots
Aug. 11, 1965 – LAPD arrest Marquette Frye for drunk driving
Crowd gathered around scene
Threw rocks at officer
Frye, his brother Ronald and their mother arrested
Crowd became agitated and became violent

5. Riots last 6 days
34 killed
$30 million in property damaged

7. 1967 – riots in 100 cities Causes
Need for economic equality of opportunity in jobs, housing, education
War in Vietnam

8. New Leaders Voice Discontent
African American Solidarity
Malcolm X
Studied Elijah Muhammad
Member of Nation of Islam
Becomes minister in 1952
Favored by Elijah Muhammad

9. Preached views of Muhammad
Whites were cause of black suffering
Blacks should separate from white society
Armed self-defense
“White Devil”
Helped convert Cassius Clay to Muhammad Ali

10. Gains Publicity Effects
Call for armed self-defense frightens whites and moderate African Americans
Attention for Malcolm X caused resentment within Nation of Islam

11. Ballots or Bullets? March 1964 – Malcolm X breaks from Nation of Islam
Makes pilgrimage to Mecca – holy city of Islam
Learns orthodox Islam preached equality of all races
Worshiped alongside people from many countries
Radically changed Malcolm’s thinking
Maintained hatred of racism and injustice

12. “Any Negro who teaches other Negroes to turn the other cheek is disarming the Negro…of his natural right to defend himself. Now you’re facing a situation when the young Negro’s coming up. They don’t want to hear that ‘turn –the-other-cheek stuff, no…There’s new thinking coming in. There’s new strategy coming in…It’ll be ballots, or it’ll be bullets. It’ll be liberty, or it will be death.

13. Malcolm X fears for life
Ballots or Bullets becomes motto
If people don’t vote, then they will be forced to fight
Voting should be tried
Malcolm X fears for life
Feb 21, 1965 – assassinated

14. Black Power
June 6, 1966
James Meredith shot during “march against fear”
220 miles from Tennessee to Jackson, MS
March carried on by leaders of civil rights groups
SCLC – MLK
CORE – Floyd McKissick
SNCC – Stokely Carmichael
SNCC and CORE more
militant than SCLC

15. Carmichael arrested in Greenwood, MS
Marchers protest arrest
Carmichael speaks – “Black Power”

16. Black Power Call for black people to define their own goals
Lead own organizations
Urged SNCC not to recruit whites
Tommy Smith and John Carlos
1968 Mexico City Olympics
Stripped of their medals

17. Black Panther Party Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Oakland 1966
Political party organized to fight police brutality in ghettos
Advocated taking control of communities in which African Americans lived
Wore all black
Carried guns

18. Ten Point Program Full Employment Decent Housing
Decent Education that teaches Black History
Immediate End to Police Brutality
Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice, Peace and People’s Community Control

19. 1968 – Turning Point in Civil Rights
Dr. King’s Death
April 3, 1968 – gives “Mountaintop speech”
April 4 – assassinated by James Earl Ray
Memphis, Tennessee

20. Reactions RFK calls for nonviolence Wants to prevent riots
Rage leads to rioting
125 cities

21. Legacy of Civil Rights Movement
Kerner Commission
March 2, 1968
Identified white racism as main cause of urban violence
Called for nation to create new jobs, housing
End de facto segregation

22. Civil Rights Gains Civil Rights Act of 1968
Banned discrimination in housing
Increased African American pride in racial identity
Political gains
1970 – 2/3 of eligible voters registered

23. Inspires other groups to gain rights
Unfinished work
Challenges for movement changed
Housing and job discrimination
Educational inequality
Poverty and racism
Require change in attitudes and behavior
Whites resist changes
Inspires other groups to gain rights