1. Challenges and Changes in the Movement
Unit 7, Section 4
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
TYWL: Global interaction may be caused by conflict. / Forces of imperialism, nationalism, militarism and geo-political alliances, taken to the extreme, can lead to international conflicts. / Nationalism and the quest for power are often underlying causes for war. / Conflict occurs when compromise over land, national identity and colonial possessions is no longer an option between those in authority and those they serve. /

2. Splits in the Movement By 1965, some division within movement
Despite victories over dejure segregation (by law), defacto segregation (by practice) held strong in many cities, including North
Poverty and unequal opportunities persisted
More radical methods being discussed
Demand for immediate equality leads to urban violence in many cities nationwide

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4. Malcolm and the Nation of Islam
Many African Americans begin to question if non-violence is working
Malcolm X, spokesman for Nation of Islam, encourages separation, self defense, equality “by any means necessary”

5. Malcolm and the Nation of Islam
After trip to Mecca in 1964, Malcolm softens stance, breaks with Nation of Islam
“If you and I don’t use the ballot, we’re going to be forced to use the bullet. So let us try the ballot.”
Assassinated in 1965 by members of the Nation of Islam

6. Black Power Movement
James Meredith (who integrated Ole Miss) is shot during a march in 1966
Many members of SNCC become militant, led by Stokely Carmichael
Calls for Black Power – emphasis on racial pride and self determination in political, economic, and social matters
Break with King, who feared it would lead to violence

7. Black Panthers
Militant group founded in Oakland by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Protest police brutality, advocated employment, fair housing, and self sufficiency
Violent shootouts with police and FBI, but grassroots activities in community win support

8. 1968: Turning Points 2
April, MLK in Memphis supporting strike by sanitation workers
Assassinated on hotel balcony by James Earl Ray
Worst rioting in US history in over 100 cities

9. 1968: Turning Points
June, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy, Democratic candidate for President in assassinated by Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan for support of Israel
RFK’s death is a blow to Civil Rights movement
Nixon wins election of 1968; does not promote Civil Rights
Movement is hurt by rapid death of two leaders

10. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Kerner Commission Report – reported that urban violence was based on inequality in society, urged government action
End of legal segregation (dejure)
Introduction of affirmative action
Civil Rights Act of 1968 ends housing discrimination
Political power for African Americans
Greater racial pride and greater equality
Work to be done?

11. From http://www.dailynews.com