1. Challenges & Changes in the Movement
Ch 29 Sect 3
Pg 923

2. Northern Segregation
De facto segregation – segregation that exists by practice and custom.
De jure segregation – segregation by law
De facto segregation is harder to fight & intensified after WWII when African Americans migrated North.
Violence occurred frequently in the North.

3. Urban Violence Erupts
Clashes b/w white authority & black civilians spread like wildfire.
A violent encounter b/w white police & black teenagers erupted & 15 teens were killed. (New York)
Sparked a race riot in Harlem.
Race riots also erupted in L.A. where 35 people were killed.

4. New African American Leaders
Malcolm X became a leader during the Civil Rights Movement.
Studied the teachings of the Nation of Islam or black Muslims
Malcolm was imprisoned after beginning released he became a Muslim minister.
Preached that whites were the cause of the black condition & blacks should separate themselves from white society.

5. New African American Leaders
Message appealed to many African Americans & their growing racial pride.
Advocated armed self defense
Frightened whites and moderate African Americans

6. Ballots or Bullets
Malcolm split w/ the Nation of Islam over differences in opinion & strategy.
He was shot and killed while giving a speech in Harlem New York.

7. Black Power James Meredith began a “walk against fear”
From the TN boarder to Jackson, MS
Shot by a white racist
King of SCLC, McKissick of CORE, & Stokely Carmichael of SNCC led followers to continue the walk.
SNCC & CORE members were quite militant.
Shouted slogans similar to those of Malcolm X.

8. Black Power
King tried to rally the marchers singing “We Shall Overcome”
SNCC members began singing “We Shall Overrun”
Carmichael was arrested & later came to a rally w/ a beaten face from the police.
Carmichael called for black power – for black people to begin to define their own goals and lead their own organizations.
King urged him to stop but Carmichael was focused on developing African pride.

9. Black Panthers
1966 Huey Newton & Bobby Seale founded a political party called the Black Panthers.
Goal: to fight police brutality in the ghettos.
Self-sufficiency for African Americans
Full employment & housing
Exemption from military service
Sold copies of the Chinese Communist revolution.
Dressed in black leather jackets, berets, & sunglasses.
Shootings occurred b/w the group & police.
Won support in the ghettos b/c they established daycares, medical clinics, ect.

10. King’s Death & Reaction
King sensed that his death was near.
He gave a speech expressing his sense.
The next day he was shot off a hotel balcony in Memphis by James Ray.
Robert Kennedy made an appearance the next day in an African American neighborhood.
King’s death led to the worst race riots to date.

11. Gains in Civil Rights Civil Rights Movement ended de jure segregation.
Civil Rights Act of 1968 – ended discrimination in housing.
Increased numbers of African Americans who finished high school & went to college.
Led to better jobs & opportunities
Gave blacks more pride in racial identity.
Began to appear more in television shows
Substantial political gains
2/3 of African Americans were registered to vote.

12. Unfinished Work Task of changing people’s attitudes and behavior.
Public support for the movement declines b/c some whites were frightened by the urban riots & the Black Panthers.
Lack of jobs also remains a serious problem for African Americans.
Affirmative Action – making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have been discriminated against.

13. Answer the following
What caused the division in the civil rights movement?
What problems were faced by African Americans living in Northern cities?
What was Malcolm X’s appeal as a leader to African Americans?
How did Malcolm X alienate Black Muslins?
How did the Black Panthers reflect a growing radicalism in segments of the movement?
What was Martin Luther King, Jr.’s response to the rhetoric of Black Power?
Why was King visiting Memphis when he was assassinated?
What happened in cities across America after King’s assassination?
How successful was the civil rights movement in eliminating segregation?
What was the Kerner Commission?