Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Solid (bones, teeth) Liquid (blood, fluids) Gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide) Energy is the ability to do work or to put matter into motion; it is massless and does not take up space. Kinetic = doing work (moving objects) Potential = inactive or stored (ex: batteries in a toy) Forms of energy: chemical energy (stored in bonds), electrical energy (movement of charged particles), mechanical energy (directly moving matter), radiant energy (electromagnetic spectrum)

Element =is a unique substance that can’t be broken down Atom =is the building block of an element. Molecules =form when two or more atoms combine chemically Compounds =form when two or more different atoms bind together to form a molecule Chemical Reactions: occur when atoms unite chemically types of chemical bonds: - Ionic bonds = electrons completely transferred from one atom to another - Covalent bonds = electrons are shared between atoms - Hydrogen bonds = weak bonds that form between hydrogen and nitrogen or oxygen atoms Polar molecules (hydrophilic) are water “loving”. Non polar molecules (hydrophobic) are water “fearing”.

Inorganic compounds – lack carbon, simpler and smaller molecules. Ex: water (H 2 O) Water: (makes up 70% of the body) 1.High heat capacity 2.Polar, acts as a solvent 3.Chemical reactivity (hydrolysis reactions, digestion) 4.Cushioning Salts: (calcium and phosphorus) Electrolytes – conduct an electrical current in solution Acids = ph 0-6, proton donors Bases = ph 8-14, proton acceptors Buffer = weak acid/base to balance reactions

Organic compounds – are carbon containing compounds. Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Carbohydrates (1:2:1 ratio) Elements: Functions: Monomer: Polymer: Monomer  Polymer Condensation Reaction releases water Polymer  Monomer Hydrolysis Reaction requires water Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O 2 ) Quick energy monosaccharides ex: glucose, fructose, galactose disaccharides ex: sucrose, lactose polysaccharides ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen Indicator & Positive Results: Benedicts, turns orange when heated

Lipids: (non polar = don’t dissolve in H2O) Elements = Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O2)NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio Function = Long term energy, insulationIndicator: Brown Paper Bag Monomers = Glycerol (1) & Fatty Acids (3) Result: Paper is Translucent (see-through) Polymers = lipid membrane Examples: wax, oils, fats, steroids Nucleic Acids: Elements = Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) Function = Carry Genetic Information Indicator: Gel Electrophoresis Monomers = nucleotides Result: matching bands Polymers = DNA and RNA Examples: DNA, RNA

Proteins: Elements = Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O 2 ), Nitrogen (N) Function = Indicator: Biuret chemical reactions in body (enzyme) movement (actin/myosin) Result: turns purple transport (hemoglobin) protection (antibodies) Examples: meat, nuts structure (collagen, tendon/ligaments) Monomers = amino acids 20 Different Amino Acids: *the R group makes them different Polymers = polypeptide or protein Polypeptide Bonds Amino Acids (balls) (holds balls together)

Enzymes (proteins, -ase) -Functional proteins that act as biological catalysts -Catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction -Substrate specific -Reusable, unchanged -Denature when exposed to high temperature or extreme pH DNA, RNA (nucleic acids) Nucleotide: Sugar (deoxyribose, ribose), Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base 4 Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G), Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) The double helix looks like a twisted ladder; the phosphate and sugars are the vertical ‘backbones’ and the base pairs are the rungs.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Made of: - adenine base - ribose sugar - three phosphate groups When the high-energy phosphate bonds are broken by hydrolysis energy is released and ADP is a product. ATP  ADP + P + energy ATP supplies are replenished by oxidation of food fuels and energy is stored. ADP + P + energy  ATP