1. Biochemistry
Organic Chemistry

2. E. Definitions Monomer – (mono=1) – single unit
Polymer (poly=many) – large molecule made up of monomer units bonded together

3. F. Making and Breaking Bonds
Condensation Reaction (aka Dehydration Synthesis)
Bonding of 2 monomers together
Whenever a bond is formed, water is formed
One molecule releases an –OH while the other releases an -H

4. F. Making and Breaking Bonds
Hydrolysis (hydro=water, lysis=to break/dissolve)
Breaking of bonds within a polymer
Water is absorbed
One molecule gains an –OH while the other gains an -H

5. G. Organic Chemistry
Organic – contains C and found in all living things (CO2 – exception to this rule)
Most common elements in living things: C, H, O, N, P and S
4 kinds of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

6. H. Carbohydrates Contains C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Monomer unit: Monosaccharides (mono=1, saccharo=sugar) – short-term/primary energy source
Examples
Glucose (C6H12O6) – short term energy in all living things
Fructose (C5H10O5) – found in fruit
Ribose/Deoxyribose (C5H10O5) – found in RNA and DNA
Drawing of glucose (draw on notes) –

7. H. Carbohydrates
Disaccharides (di=2, saccharo=sugar) – contains 2 monosaccharides combined together through condensation reaction
Chemical formula: C12H22O11
Explanation: C6H12O C6H12O6 = C12H24O12
- H2O
C12H22O11

8. H. Carbohydrates Examples: Sucrose – table sugar = glucose + fructose
Lactose – milk sugar = galactose + glucose
Maltose – glucose + glucose

9. H. Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides – (poly=many, saccharo=sugar) – contains many monosaccharides bonded together through condensation reaction

10. H. Carbohydrates Examples:
Starch – how plants store glucose after photosynthesis
Glycogen – how animals store glucose
Cellulose – makes up plant cell wall – not easily digested by animals
Chitin – makes up cell wall in fungi

12. H. Carbohydrates
Indicators – a chemical used to test the composition of another substance
Iodine – changes from yellowish to dark blue in the presence of a starch
Benedict’s solution – changes from blue to orange in the presence of a monosaccharide
Potato with iodine
Solution must be heated to work!
Sucrose did not turn colors - it is a disaccharide, not a monosaccharide

13. I. Lipids Contains – C, H, and O Examples – fats, oils, and waxes
Lipids are insoluble in water (hydrophobic, hydro=water, phobia=fear of)
Functions:
Insulation
Long term energy storage
Basic Lipid Structure

14. I. Lipids
Monomer units: 1 glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids (looks like capital E)
Drawing of a lipid
Please draw
in notes

15. I. Lipids Saturated fatty acids – contain no double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids – contain double bonds
Condensation reaction must occur 3 times in order for 1 lipid molecule to be made
3 molecules of water are given off
Conversely – 3 molecules must be absorbed for the hydrolysis of 1 lipid molecule

16. I. Lipids Steroid – lipid in a double ring structure
Function in gender hormones, metabolism, muscle and bone synthesis

17. I. Lipids
Phospholipids – lipids with phosphates attached that make up the cell membrane
Indicator – brown paper bag becomes translucent in the presence of lipids

18. J. Proteins Contains – C, H, O, N Monomer unit – amino acids
Only 20 different kinds of amino acids
Different arrangement of amino acids in a chain produces different proteins
Amino acids are bonded together with peptide bonds
Drawing an amino acid

19. J. Proteins Functions of proteins Growth and repair of cells
Make antibodies that fight disease (immune support)
Make up hormones
Facilitate heredity
Speed up chemical reactions (only special proteins called enzymes)

20. J. Proteins Examples of proteins
Melanin – protein responsible for skin and hair pigmentation
Hemoglobin – protein in blood that carries oxygen
Insulin – Protein responsible for maintaining glucose levels in blood
Amylase – protein in saliva that breaks down starch

21. J. Proteins
Folding of protein structure is related to the function of protein
Indicators – Biuret solution changes from blue to purple in the presence of a protein

22. Protein Formation through Condensation

23. K. Enzymes
Specific type of protein that acts as a catalyst (speeds up chemical reactions)
Enzymes lower the activation energy (amount of energy required for a reaction to begin)

24. K. Enzymes
Each enzyme is specific and works on only one kind of substrate
Active site of the enzyme must match the shape of the substrate (lock and key model)

25. K. Enzymes Steps in enzyme functioning
Substrate attaches to enzyme at active site forming enzyme-substrate complex
Enzyme competes the reaction – breaking down substrate or building up substrate
Enzyme releases products and is ready to be reused

26. K. Enzymes A – substrate B – enzyme C – enzyme-substrate complex
D – enzyme ready to be reused
E - products

27. K. Enzymes Enzymes are reusable
Enzyme names end in –ase and are usually named after substrate (ex: lipase – enzyme, lipid – substrate)
3 factors that affect enzyme functioning:
Temperature pH
Substrate concentration

28. K. Enzymes
Extreme temperatures of pH can cause enzymes to change shape of the active site = denatured
If the active site changes shape, the enzyme is no longer able to bond with the substrate

29. L. Nucleic Acids Contains – C, H, O, N, and P
Ex. DNA (D=deoxyribose) and RNA (R=ribose)
Monomer unit – nucleotides
Nucleotides – 3 parts
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate (PO4)
Nitrogen Base
DNA: A-T, G-C
RNA: A-U, G-C
Draw nucleotide in notes

30. L. Nucleic Acids Drawing of a DNA strand (below)
The backbones (red and purple lines) represent the phosphates and sugars)
DNA shape is really a double helix – twisted ladder
Function of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA carry genetic information to code for proteins