1. Basic Chemistry
Chapter 2

2. Atoms Matter Atoms Elements All matter is made of atoms
Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons
Elements
Elements are pure substances made of only one kind of atom

3. Chemical Bonding Covalent Bonds Hydrogen Bonds Ionic Bonds
Molecules are groups of atoms linked by covalent bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonding occurs between polar molecules
Ionic Bonds
An ion is a charged atom or molecule. Ions of opposite charge may form an ionic bond

4. Water in Living Things Storage of Water Cohesion – sticks to itself
Water, which is essential for life, stores heat efficiently and binds to itself and other substances
Cohesion – sticks to itself
Adhesion – different substances stick together

5. Aqueous Solutions Polarity Acids and Bases
Water dissolves polar molecules and ionic compounds
Acids and Bases
Acids increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Bases decrease the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. The pH scale measures the strength of acids and bases

6. Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates, such as glucose, are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms
Lipids
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy and are an important part of cell membranes
Proteins
Proteins are chains of amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and specific function
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
ATP
ATP is the main energy currency of cells

7. Molecular Chains
Carbon chains can be 1 or 2 carbon atoms or thousands of carbon atoms
Smaller molecules bond together and are known as a polymer
Many polymers are formed by condensation = H removed from one, OH removed from another so H2O is pulled out
Opposite is called Hydrolysis

8. Condensation

9. Hydrolysis

10. Carbohydrates
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen only in a ratio of 1:2:1
C6H12O6,
Provide energy

11. Monosaccharide = building block
Called Simple Sugars (Glucose, Fructose)

12. Disaccharide = 2 monosaccharides
Fructose + Glucose → Sucrose

13. Polysaccharide = polymer of many monosaccharides
Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose

14. Lipids Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen, small amount of Oxygen
Nonpolar molecules so don’t dissolve in water
Energy storage, protection, insulation
Major component of membranes

15. Fatty Acids and Glycerol = building block

16. If all Carbons have single bonds = saturated
Fats from animals; solids at room temp.

17. If there is a double bond = unsaturated
Oils from plants; Liquids are room temp. (Healthier?)

18. More than 1 double bond = polyunsaturated

20. Proteins
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur
Amino Acids = building block
20; Combine using condensation and form a peptide bond
Sequence determines protein
Tissue and organ structure and cell metabolism

21. Protein Examples Hemoglobin Carries oxygen in your blood
Made in bone marrow
Contains iron; too little iron = anemic

22. Protein Examples Insulin Type I Diabetes – Insulin deficiency; shots
Hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in your blood; treats diabetes
Secreted by pancreas
Tells other cells to absorb glucose (no insulin = no energy absorbed)
These cells (liver, muscle, and fat) then store it as glycogen and stop using fat as energy
No or low Insulin, no glucose uptake, fat used as energy
Type I Diabetes – Insulin deficiency; shots
Type II – Insulin resistance; other methods

23. Special Protein = Enzymes
Protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction (may speed up)
Many lower the Activation Energy
Activity depends on temperature, enzyme concentration, and pH
Specific to certain substrates
Works like a lock and key
Amino acids make proteins (enzyme) folded in a certain way which determines job

25. Energy for Life Processes
Energy in Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions absorb or release energy
Activation Energy
Starting a chemical reaction requires activation energy

26. Enzyme-Substrate Complex

27. Nucleic Acids Stores cellular information in the form of a code
DNA and RNA
Nucleotides = building blocks
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous in 3 parts
Nitrogenous Base
Simple Sugar
Phosphate Group

29. How to Identify Proteins turn a blue Biuret solution to pink-purple
Starches (carbohydrates) show up bluish/black when drops of iodine are added
Sugars (carbohydrates) turn a blue Benedict’s solution an orange-brown
Lipids leave a grease spot on brown paper