The total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by members of a group. Culture

A group that shares a geographic region, a common language, and a sense of identity and culture. Society

A group of people who share language, customs, and a common heritage. Ethnic group

Taking existing elements of society and creating something new to meet a need. Innovation

The spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior to different societies. diffusion

The heartland or place of origin of a major culture; a site of innovation from which basic ideas, materials, and technology diffuse to other cultures. Cultural hearth

The cultural change that occurs when individuals in a society accept or adopt an innovation. acculturation

A version of a language that reflects changes in speech patterns due to class, region, or cultural changes. dialect

The belief in a supernatural power or powers that are regarded as the creators and maintainers of the universe, as well as the system of beliefs itself. religion

In what two ways do cultures change? Innovation and diffusion

Category of religion in which the followers believe in one god. monotheism

Category of religion in which the followers believe in more than one god. polythesim

Two ways in which religion spreads. Diffusion and conversion

List the five major religions of the world. Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism

Three ways in which cultures express themselves creatively. Performing arts, visual arts, and literature

The number of live births per total population, often expressed per thousand population. birthrate

The average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country. Fertility rate

The number of deaths per thousand. Mortality rate

The number of deaths among infants under age one as measured per thousand live births. Infant mortality rate

Also called population growth rate – the rate at which population is growing, found by subtracting the mortality rate from the birthrate. Rate of natural increase

A graphic device that shows gender and age distribution of a population. Population pyramid

A factor that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region. Push factor

A factor that draws or attracts people to another location. Pull factor

The average number of people who live in a measurable area, reached by dividing the number of inhabitants in an area by the amount of land they occupy. Population density

The number of organisms a piece of land can support without negative effects. Carrying capacity

Approximately what percentage of the world’s population lives in the Northern Hemisphere? 90%

Which continent has the greatest population density? Asia

A political term describing and independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal and external affairs. State

A group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity. Nation

The name of a territory when a nation and a state occupy the same territory. Nation-state

Type of government in which citizens hold political party either directly or through elected representatives. Democracy

A type of government in which a ruling family headed by a king or queen holds political power and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies. Monarchy

A type of government in which an individual or a group holds complete political power. Dictatorship

A system of which the government holds nearly all political power and the means of production. Communism

Describes an area (country, state, or territory) that has no outlet to the sea. landlocked

Name for a boundary that is based on physical features of the land. Natural boundary

Type of boundary that generally follows lines of latitude and longitude. Artificial boundary

List four different types of political units. City, county, state and country

The study of how people use space in cities. Urban geography

An area that is the center of business and culture and has a large population. City

A political unit or community touching the borders of the central city or touching other suburbs that touch the city. Suburb

A functional area including a city and its surrounding suburbs and exurbs, linked economically. Metropolitan area

The dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result. Urbanization

The core of a city, which is almost always based on commercial activity. Central Business District (CBD)

What are the three basic land use patterns found in all cities? Residential, industrial, commercial

As you move farther away from the CBD, which land use patterns usually begins to dominate? Residential

What generally happens to the value land as you move farther from the CBD in a city? It decreases

The production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people. Economy

The way people produce and exchange goods. Economic system

A type of economic system in which production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of production. Also called a planned economy. Command economy

A type of economic system in which production of goods and services is determined by the demand from consumers. Also called a demand economy or capitalism. Market economy

A material on or in the earth, such as a tree, fish, or coal, which has economic value. Natural resources

The basic support systems needed to keep an economy going, including power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation, and education systems. Infrastructure

The average amount of money earned by each person in a political unit. Per capita income

The total value of all goods and services produced BY a country in a period of time. Gross National Product (GNP)

The value of only goods and services produced WITHIN a country in a period of time. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

What are four basic types of economic systems? Traditional, command, market, and mixed

Economic activity that involves the gathering of raw materials. Primary activity

Economic activity that adds value to raw materials by changing their form. Secondary activity

__________ activities - providing personal and professional services. Tertiary

__________ activities – providing information, management, and research services. Quaternary

Resources that can replaced by natural processes, such as trees and fish. Renewable resources.

Resources that cannot be replaced once removed from the ground, such as gold and silver. Non-renewable resources.

Resources that cannot be replaced once removed from the ground, such as gold and silver.