Executive Branch

Presidential Roles  Head of State  Head of Government  Head of party  Chief Citizen  Chief diplomat  Commander in chief  Chief guardian of the economy

Requirements  35 years old  Natural born citizen  14 years residency

Amendments  20 th Amendment-lame duck amendment- date changed in Jan 20 th  22 nd Amendment-2 term amendment  25 th Amendment-Presidential disability  Presidential Succession Act of 1947

The Electoral College  Key facts!  Founders designed electoral college as an indirect method of selecting the President  Every state has same number of electors as they have members of Congress  Electors slated by political parties in the state- assigned based on who wins plurality of vote in each state  Winner take all system in most states-majority needed to win election

Electoral College Maps

Problems  Problem of unpopular Presidents  Elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000

Reforms  Direct Election with Instant Runoff Voting Proportional Allocation of Electoral Votes Direct Vote with Plurality Rule Congressional District Method National Bonus Plan Direct Election with Instant Runoff Voting Proportional Allocation of Electoral Votes Direct Vote with Plurality Rule Congressional District Method National Bonus Plan

Presidential Powers

Executive Powers  The Constitution assigns the President with the role of enforcing the laws of the US  Broad powers in foreign and domestic affairs  Issue of Executive Orders-Presidential order to enforce or not enforce a law, court ruling, or treaty

Examples

Military Powers

Legislative Powers  President strictly defined by Constitution  State of the Union Address  Can suggest, shape, approve, or veto legislation  Pocket-Veto  Can issue veto or signing statements

Diplomatic Powers

Judicial Powers Appointment power-federal judges Power to grant pardons and reprieves, commutations, and amnesty  A pardon is a legal forgiveness of a crime.  A reprieve is the postponement of the execution of a sentence.  To grant amnesty means to give a general pardon to a group of law violators.

Ford pardons Nixon

War Powers Act  The President can only send troops, 60 days without either a declaration of war by Congress or a specific Congressional mandate, must inform within 48 hours  The President can extend the time the troops are in the combat area for 30 extra days, without Congressional approval, for a total of 90 days.

Budget Reform Act of 1974  Limits impoundment of funds by the President  Forces him to spend money allocated by Congress within a certain number of days

Executive Privilege  President has the privilege to withhold presidential information from Congress and the Courts  US v Nixon (1974)-President cannot withhold information in criminal investigations

The Cabinet

The White House Office  Chief of Staff  Denis McDonough Denis McDonough  Deputy Chiefs of Staff  Anita Decker Breckenridge Anita Decker Breckenridge  Kristie Canegallo  Senior Advisors  Valerie Jarrett Valerie Jarrett  Brian Deese Brian Deese

Executive Office of the President  Council of Economic Advisers Council of Economic Advisers  Council on Environmental Quality Council on Environmental Quality  National Security Staff National Security Staff  Office of Administration Office of Administration  Office of Management and Budget Office of Management and Budget  Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of National Drug Control Policy  Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy  Office of the United States Trade Representative Office of the United States Trade Representative  Office of the Vice President Office of the Vice President

National Security-1947 The National Security Council (NSC) is the President's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials.  The NSC is chaired by the President. Its regular attendees  Vice President  Secretary of State  Secretary of the Treasury  Secretary of Defense  National Security Advisor  The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff  Director of National Intelligence  The Chief of Staff to the President

Management Style-Pyramid  The Pyramid Model is based on a strict military-like chain of command that emphasizes a powerful Chief of Staff, who in most cases is highly visible and accessible to the press. Ike and Nixon used this style

Management Style-Hub and Spoke  Hub-and-Spoke Model, which can be visualized as a circular structure. Based on the New Deal White House system of management, this model has the president playing a dominant role in the everyday happenings in the White House. The Chief of Staff has diminished power and importance, used by FDR and JFK

Ad Hoc Style  Combines leadership and management tactics that the CEO of a large corporation might use. President Clinton and President George W. Bush have used this style, which employs committees, task forces, and special advisors to help develop and implement policy.

Impeachment

 1868-Andrew Johnson impeached for violation of Tenure of Office act, impeached but not convicted by one vote  1974-Nixon resigned before certain impeachment by House for actions relating to the Watergate affair  1998-Bill Clinton impeached by House for actions regarding affair with Monica Lewinsky White House intern

Presidential Popularity  What causes job approval to go up and down?