By Casey Connor and Jace Wright

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE  Habsburgs bring an end to revolutions and restore original government 1851  Only thing left of revolution Act of Emancipation = Freed serfs (slaves)  Alexander Von Bach  Establishes unified system of administration  German officials in charge of law and taxation  Put military officers in charge of Hungary  Catholic church put in charge of state and education  Economic troubles and war bring change  Austria loses Italian war of 1859 and Emperor Francis Joseph attempts to establish imperial parliament  Ends up backfiring and alienates Hungarians

AUSTRIA (CONT.)  Austo-Prussian War ends with Ausgleich (compromise) of 1867  Creates Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary  Each has constitution  Each has bicameral legislature  Each has government for domestic affairs  Vienna capitol of Austria  Buda capital of Hungary  Share monarch, foreign policy, army, and financial system.  Empire ends after WWI

IMPERIAL RUSSIA  Absolute power was failing in Russia  Abolition of Serfdom  March 3, 1861  Peasants could own property, marry, bring suits to court but weren't totally free  Zemstvos=System of self government  Public services, education, famine relief, and road/bridge maintenance  Populism= intellectuals trying to create new society through peasant revolutionary acts  Was not successful because peasants did not have interest in this idea  Populists started getting violent to overthrow Tsarist Autocracy  Alexander II assassinated and Russia returned to previous government

GREAT BRITAIN: THE VICTORIAN AGE  Reform act of 1832 allowed political representation for middle class  Had continuous economic growth  Parliament became corrupt and part lines blurred  Reform act of 1867  First step toward democracy in Britain  Allowed more people to vote (nearly doubled)  William Gladstone  Introduced secret ballot for voting  Education act of 1870 attempted to make elementary schools available for all chilun

UNITED STATES: SLAVERY AND WAR  North and South were fighting over the issue of slavery  Cotton was a profitable business and was major part of southern economy, making business owners support free labor (slavery)  Abolitionists movement in north challenged south and started Civil War  Republican party formed to start major anti-slavery movements  Civil war (  Union had better assets and slowly started to beat confederates  Started radical thinking in the North  Emancipation Proclamation (1863) freed almost all slaves  Confederate army surrendered on April 9, 1865 after a Union win under Ulysses S. Grant

EMERGENCE OF CANADA  Belonged to France but Treaty of Paris (1763) gave it to Britain  Upper Canada mostly English, Lower mostly French  Wanted to be its on government after flood of English immigrants  Lower Canadian rebels wanted separation from Britain  Wanted creation of a Republic  Wanted right to vote  Freedom of press  1867 British government establish Canadian nation with its own constitution and parliamentary system  Still stayed under British control