1. National Music: Wagner & Liszt Franz Liszt Richard Wagner

2. Map 22. 3: The Unification of Germany

3. Nationalism A people with a Common: Geography, Language, History, Religion, Ethnicity, Culture… Community of the Imagination The “National Project”: Arts: Music, Painting, Literature Folklore, Dance, Costume/Dress History A people with: Common Geography, Language, History, Religion, Ethnicity, Culture

4. Nationalism & Liberalism, Or… Nationalism & Liberalism, various attempts France, 1789, 1830, 1848, 1871…. Germany, 1830, 1848…. Hungary, 1848…. Italy & Garibaldi…. Great Britain & Reform Nationalism & Or…. Bismark & Germany Italy & Victor Emmanuel

5. The Fiction of Nationalism Linguistic, Ethnic Intermingling Gr. Brt. -- Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Irish France -- Brittany, Basques Spain -- Basques, Catalan Belgium -- Waloons (Dutch dialect), Flanders (Flemish = French dialect) Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire GIVE IT UP!!!!! Everywhere, esp. Central/Easter-Europe: JEWS Lines on a Map & Implications for Future

6. Map 22.4: Europe in 1871

7. The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy Post-1848 = re-establish centralized, autocratic Hapsburg rule German-speaking gov’t alienates minorities, esp. Hungarians Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867 -- post Franco- Austrian War Creates a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary Separate contitutions & gov’t German and Magyars dominate minorities Minority/Nationality prob. persists until WWI Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary Some things in held in common monarch, army, foreign policy, finances

8. Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy

9. Imperial Russia Alexander II, 1855-1881 -- need for reform in face of Crimean defeat Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861 Deal w/ backwardness of agriculture, uneducated peasantry (army!) & peasant revolts Problems with emancipation Landowners kept best land Peasants pay for own “freedom” (village commune: mir) Zemstvos (local assemblies) -- nobility dominate Growing dissatisfaction, reform mov’ts, radicals Assassination of Alexander II (1881) Alexander III (1881-1894) Return to traditional methods of repression

10. Great Britain: The Victorian Age Did not experience revolts in 1848 Reforms -- 1832, 1860’s =  polit. participation Economic growth --  workers’ wages Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the age Duty & moral respectability Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) -- Tory Extension of voting rights Reform Act, 1867  prop. rq.s, double # voters! William Gladstone (first administration, 1868 – 1874) Liberal reforms:  patronage, secret ballot, officers Education Act of 1870 -- universal elem. sch.