1. Austria

2. Nationalism and Revolution in 1848
Peoples against empire: The Habsburg lands
Ethnic and language groups
Germans, Czechs, Magyars, Poles, Slovaks, Serbs, and Italians
Hungarian nationalist claims advanced by the small Magyar aristocracy
Louis Kossuth (1802–1894)
Member of the lower nobility
Published transcripts of parliamentary debates
Campaigned for independence and a separate Hungarian parliament
Wanted to bring politics to the people
Pan-Slavism
Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Macedonians, and Bulgarians
Desire for a union of Slavic-speaking people
Resented oppressive Russian rule

3. Kossuth stepped up his campaigns
Demanded representative institutions
Autonomy for the Hungarian Magyar nation
Vienna—popular movement of students and artisans
Demanded political and social reforms
Built barricades and attacked the imperial palace
Government concessions
Male suffrage and single house of representatives
Worked toward the abolition of serfdom
Yielded to Czech demands in Bohemia
Italian liberals and nationalists attacked empire’s territories

4. The paradox of nationalism
No cultural or ethnic majority could declare its independence without prompting rebellion elsewhere
Insurrection in Prague (May 1848)
Austrian troops sent to restore order
Slav congress disbands
The March laws: Hungary
Hungarian parliament abolished serfdom and noble privilege
Established freedom of the press and of religion
Changed suffrage requirements, enfranchised small-property holders
Provoked opposition from Croats, Serbs, and Romanians within Hungary

5. Austrian government appointed anti-Magyar as governor of Croatia
Kossuth severed all ties between Hungary and Austria
Franz Josef asked Nicholas I of Russia for military support
The Hungarian revolt was crushed (August 1849)
Liberal government capitulated on October 31, 1849
Reestablished censorship
Disbanded the national guard and student organizations
Twenty-five revolutionary leaders went to the firing squad
Kossuth exiled himself to Turkey

6. Building the Nation-State
The Habsburgs did abolish serfdom in 1848, but made few other reforms
The Hungarians were essentially reconquered in 1849
Administrative reforms after 1849
New and more uniform legal system
Rationalized taxation
Imposed a single-language policy favoring German: Germanization

7. Building the Nation-State
Ethnic relations
Grew more tense
Anti-Germanization
Austria weakened after defeat of Austro-Prussian War
Francis Joseph (1848–1916, emperor of Austria) agreed to work with Hungary
Agreed to the new federal structure
1867 Ausgleich

8. Building the Nation-State
The Dual Monarchy (Austria-Hungary): Ausgleich
Common system of taxation, common army, made foreign and military policy together
Internal and constitutional affairs were separated
No national unification in Habsburg lands

9. Austria: Post 1848 Revolutions
Defeated in Austro-Prussian War
Ausgleich, 1867 (the Compromise)
Transformed Austria into the Austrian-Hungarian empire, or the Dual Monarchy
Hungarians demand autonomy:
Hungarian Assembly, cabinet, administrative system
Hungarians still connected to Austria
Support and participate in Imperial Army of Austria
Co-rule with Austria

10. Austria gave up trying to integrate its empire culturally in 1871
Results of Ausgleich
Assimilated Hungarians and eliminated them as opposition group
Government more efficient
Historical traditions and cultural diversification still caused problems in Empire
Austria gave up trying to integrate its empire culturally in 1871

11. Anti-Semitism grew
Karl Luegar – mayor of Vienna – particularly ‘racist’
Hitler will later idolize Luegar
More on Luegar later…