1. U NIFICATION & THE C REATION OF THE N ATION S TATE Chapter 19, Section 3

2. I. D EMISE OF THE C ONCERT OF E UROPE review – role of nationalism & liberalism in the Revolutions of 1848 the Ottoman Empire – the “sick man of Europe” had difficulty controlling all of its territories, especially in the Balkans Russia wanted land in the Balkans, including access to the Dardanelles

3. the Crimean War (1853-56) resulted from this struggle for territory alliances Great Britain/France/Ottomans vs. Russia damage to balance of power in Europe result? destruction of the Concert of Europe due to the formation of new alliances

4. II. R EVIEW - U NIFICATION Italy map, p. 597 Piedmont Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Lombardy Venetia Rome King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppe Garibaldi & the Red Shirts Germany map, p. 598 Austria Prussia Frankfurt Otto von Bismarck – German prime minister realpolitik – politics based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics Germany created in January 1871 led by Kaiser William I of Prussia

5. III. N ATIONALISM & R EFORM – G REAT B RITAIN avoided upheavals of mid- 19 th century Industrial Rev. had increased wages & jobs voting – given to the industrial middle class reign of Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901) stability Victorian Age Parliament passed the British North America Act (1867), which created Canada as a nation with its own constitution still part of British Commonwealth

6. IV. N ATIONALISM & R EFORM - F RANCE after the Revolution of 1848, Louis-Napoleon wanted to restore the empire granted in a plebiscite (popular vote) – created the Second Empire Louis-Napoleon became Napoleon III, Emperor of France large infrastructure projects rebuilt city of Paris Second Empire fell after defeat in Franco- Prussian War (1870)

7. V. N ATIONALISM & R EFORM – A USTRIAN E MPIRE multinational empire Rev. of 1848 & nationalism? Compromise of 1867 created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary 2 capitals Vienna (Austria) Budapest (Hungary) one monarch – Francis Joseph dissatisfaction among other ethnic groups in the new empire

8. VI. N ATIONALISM & R EFORM - R USSIA Romanov dynasty Russia was “behind” the rest of Europe divine right of monarchs serfdom agricultural rather than industrial Czar Alexander II made reforms 1861 – emancipated the serfs gave land to peasants assassinated in 1881, in part because of his reforms