1. Growth of Nationalism Trouble brewing in Europe! 1870-1914
How do we see INSTABILITY growing in EUROPE relating to NATIONALISM?

2. Germany Germany unified in 1870 Otto Von Bismarck: realpolitik
Right of a nation-state to pursue its own advantage by ANY means, including war and breaking treaties!

3. Otto Von Bismarck Focused on INDUSTRY and MILITARY (“blood and iron”)
Cities grew rapidly, middle class grew but so did lower class.
Crushed socialist movements!

4. German Unification

5. Italian Unification! Count Cavour Garibaldi
Count Cavour, Guiseppe Garibaldi compete for powereventually merge to form a UNITED Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II
Count Cavour
Garibaldi

6. Problems in the new Italy?
Regional divisions: North (urban, wealthy) and South (rural, poor)
Church did NOT approve of unification!
Anarchists cause trouble
Lack of industry/economic opportunity prior to 1900…many EMIGRATED

7. Russian Czars: Exploiting the People
Russia has a long history of serfs being mistreated.
Autocracy: government where one person rules with UNLIMITED authority

8. Alexander II and Reform
March 3, 1861: emancipates all serfs!
But peasants still got worst land and heavy taxes! 
Moved to cities, tried to industrialize

9. Alexander II’s Reforms
Vote weighted, so noblemen and rich still dominated gov’t
He also eased restrictions on press, modernized judicial system, and expanded educational system, reorganized army!
Reforms satisfied few Russians and he was ASSASSINATED!

10. Alexander III Fed up with revolutionaries!
Rolled back freedoms his father gave
“Russification:” targeted Jews, anyone questioning czar’s authority, or anyone not speaking Russian

11. Pogroms Organized massacre of a minority group!
Russian Jews targeted, arrested, and killed
Many forced to emigrate!

12. Revolution of 1905 Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra took over in 1894
Revolutionary feelings swept across Russia!
Working class was large by this timemad about living/working conditions!

13. Bloody Sunday
January 22, 1905: 200,000 workers peacefully assembled in St. Petersburg to petition for reform
Czar Nick II ordered guards to open fire!
Hundreds killed!

14. So this time, Nick II wins…
But not for long!
Soviets (workers councils) formed
Duma (legislature) formed
Czar did not want to listen to either one
People STILL mad!

15. Austria-Hungary: the Powder Keg!
Revolution of 1848 failed in France and A-H.
Francis Joseph became emperor, crushed revolutionaries
Tried to hold together a LARGE and DIVERSE empire

16. Dual Monarchy
Francis Joseph ruled both Austria and Hungary (2 countries, one monarch)
Independent politically, but economically depended upon each other

17. So What’s the Problem?
3/5 of people in Austria-Hungary are NOT Austrian or Hungarian!!!!
Nationalism—they will want their own country!

18. Ethnic Map of A-H, 1910

19. By 1914? RIVALRIES and NATIONALISM FRUSTRATION with LEADERS
SITUATION READY TO EXPLODE!