Chapter 27, Section 1

 Cold War: a state of tension between nations without actual fighting  Divided the world into opposing camps

 United States and Britain deeply distrusted the Soviet Union  Soviets distrusted the United States and Britain  When World War I ended the distrust grew

 By the end of World War I the Soviets occupied much of Eastern Europe  Stalin had promised that he would hold free election as soon as possible, in Poland and other eastern European nations  He went back on his promise  A freely elected government in any Eastern European counties would be anti Soviet

 Winston Churchill had warned of an “iron curtain” walling of Soviet dominated nations from the rest of the world  By 1948 the government of every Eastern European country was under communist control.

 After the war the Italian communist party won 104 out of 556 seats in the Italian parliament.  In Greece communist rebels fought a civil war to overthrow the king  Turkey felt Soviet pressure too when Stalin cancelled a treaty of friendship

 Truman grew concerned over Soviet expansion  Decided a show of strength was needed to stop Soviet expansion  Asked Congress for $400 million for military aid for Greece and Turkey  Truman Doctrine: The U.S. pledged to help nations threatened by Soviet expansion

 Secretary of State George Marshall toured Europe  He saw thousands of refugees without homes starving

 Feared the hunger and homelessness might lead to support of communist revolution  Marshall Plan: he proposed a large scale plan to help Europe rebuild its economy ▪ Provided more than $12 billion in aid to Western European countries

 After the war the Allies had split German into four zones  United States, Britain, France, and Soviet Union each owned a zone  Berlin also was divided

▪ U.S., Britain, and France announced they would combine zones into the  German Federal Republic or West Germany  Stalin closed all roads, railway lines, and river routes connecting Berlin to West Germany  Cut off Berlin from the rest of the world

 Day after day planes flew in food, fuel and other supplies to 2 million West Berliners  Planes landed or took over every three minutes

 May 1949 nearly a year after Stalin ordered the blockade he ended it  Germany and Berlin remained divided  West Germany rebuilt its economy  Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic or East Germany

 United Nations: UN:  every member of the UN had a seat in the general assembly  world problems were discussed  security council: conflicts that threatened peace: membership was smaller

 greatest success had been in fighting hunger, disease, and improving education  preventing war was more difficult  some nations refused to go along with UN decisions

 To keep international order the U.S. formed alliances with friendly nations  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): defend the nations of the Western Hemisphere

 Warsaw pact: Soviet Union military alliance  Hungary freedom fighters stages an uprising in 1956against Soviet control  The Soviet Union crushed the revolt

 After WWII people in Africa and Asia began to demand independence  Had been governed as European colonies

 Philippines  July U.S. gave independence to the Philippines  Transition to independence was not easy ▪ Wealthy planters owned most of the land ▪ Government worked slowly to make changes and fighting broke out

 1947 India won independence from Britain  Land was divided in to two nations ▪ India and Pakistan

 Southeast Asia  Indonesia won freedom from the Netherlands  Burma, Malaysia, and Singapore won independence from Britain  Indochina fought for independence from France for 30 years  Eventually involved the U.S. in a long war

 Africa  Libya became independent from Italy  Morocco and Tunisia became independent from France  Ghana gained independence from Britain  25 other new African nations were formed over the next decade