1. The Cold War Origins Chapter 27, Section 1 1945-1949

2. The Big Three and the Yalta Agreement Big Three: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin Yalta Agreement: Soviet Union agreed to enter the war with Japan in 1945 in return for some Asian territories.

3. The Big Three and the Yalta Agreement Germany was divided into 4 zones. Great Britain, Soviet Union, France and U.S. each controlled a zone (only until elections could be held). Peaceful post-war talks with Stalin left Roosevelt and Churchill hopeful… but not for long.

4. United Nations After Roosevelt’s death, Harry Truman became President. He attended a meeting of 50 national leaders in San Francisco in 1945. – These leaders formed the United Nations. Their hope was to meet regularly and prevent wars and disagreements from happening in the future.

5. Iron Curtain In 1946 Churchill gave a speech declaring that “an iron curtain had descended on Europe.” Meaning that the Soviets had cut themselves off from the rest of Europe.

6. Communism Communism is a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. Civil war raged in Greece and the Communists of Greece were taking over. The U.S. began to fear the spread of communism.

7. Containment The U.S. would try to contain the Soviet expansion through limited military means and nonmilitary means in areas of the world where it was important.

8. The Truman Doctrine Congress voted to pass the Truman Doctrine in 1947. It stated that the U.S. would help countries like Greece and Turkey who were threatened by communism and the Soviet expansion.

9. The Marshall Plan George Marshall, the U.S. Secretary of State, proposed a plan to help rebuild Western Europe after WWII. He said this would help stop the spread of communism. The American people did want to spend the money, but as communism spread and took over Czechoslovakia, they quickly changed their minds.

10. The Marshall Plan The U.S. spent $13 billion rebuilding countries in Western Europe. No Western government in that region fell to a communist revolt!

11. The Berlin Blockade In June of 1948, the U.S., Britain, and France announced that they would combine their zones in Berlin to form the West German republic. Berlin lay in the Soviet- held East Germany. The Berlin Blockade was Stalin’s answer to this West German Republic.

12. The Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade was when Soviet troops took positions on the border of West Berlin, literally forming a human blockade (or wall). Traffic did not cross, which means supplies did not cross. West Berlin was cut off from vital supplies. President Truman responded with an airlift.

13. Cold War The crisis in Berlin confirmed the fears of the U.S. – They were in a cold war with the Soviet Union. A cold war is a war in which the two enemies did not actually fight each other. But they built up their military forces and armed themselves to intimidate the other. Other European nations took sides in the Cold War.

14. The Berlin Airlift American and British planes flew in cargo, food, fuel, and other supplies needed to survive. The airlift continued for 10 months. In October of 1949 Germany was divided into two nations. – West Germany: The Federal Republic of Germany – East Germany: The German Democratic Republic

15. NATO In 1949 the U.S., Canada, and 10 Western European nations signed a pact established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. – This agreement stated that an attack on one of these nations was the same as a n attack on all of these nations. – NATO created it’s own military force.

16. Warsaw Pact In response to NATO, the Soviet union created an alliance with other communist governments in Eastern Europe. In 1955 they signed the Warsaw Pact, and created a military force that was controlled by the Soviet Union. Europe was divided into two armed camps.

17. The National Security Council The National Security Council (NSC) did not believe the U.S. could rely on other countries to assist in containing communism. In 1950 the NSC released NSC-68, which stated that the U.S. needed “foster the seeds of destruction within the Soviet Union.”

18. Independence Movements Philippines gained independence from the U.S. in 1946. In the 1940’s India, Pakistan, and Burma gained their freedom from Britain. Jews and Arabs both claimed the region of Palestine, that was no longer under British control. – Attempts to break Palestine into Jewish and Arab states with Jerusalem as an international neutral city failed. Since then six major wars have taken place between the Arabs and Israel.

19. Communism in China Mao Zedong became leader of the communist party in China after a very long civil war. Chiang Kai-shek, the former leader of China moved his government to Taiwan. The U.S. only recognized Kai-shek and the Taiwanese government as the true government of China.

20. What is to come? Communists now control of China and the Soviet Union. Many people fear that the entire continent of Asia is in danger of converting to communism.