Table of Contents Chapter 6 Learning

Table of Contents Learning –Classical conditioning –Operant/Instrumental conditioning –Observational learning Ivan Pavlov – Classical conditioning Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –Unconditioned Response (UCR) –Conditioned Response (CR)

Table of Contents Slide # 3 Phobias and Conditioning Phobias are irrational fears of specific objects, animals, or situations People acquire phobias through conditioning

Table of Contents Slide # 4 Classical Conditioning A learning procedure in which subjects make associations between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus Ivan Pavlov Tuning fork/salivation

Table of Contents Slide # 5 The Experiment A neutral stimulus can replace a natural stimulus if it’s presented just before that stimulus Food = unconditioned stimulus (US) Salivation = unconditioned response (UR)

Table of Contents Slide # 6 Other Terms Conditioned stimulus (CS) = tuning fork Salivation = conditioned response (CR) Conditioned responses are learned, not natural or reflexive

Table of Contents Demonstration of Pavlov’s Dog

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Classical Conditioning: More Terminology Trial = pairing of UCS and CS Acquisition = initial stage in learning Stimulus contiguity = occurring together in time and space 3 types of Classical Conditioning –Simultaneous conditioning: CS and UCS begin and end together –Short-delayed conditioning: CS begins just before the UCS, end together –Trace conditioning: CS begins and ends before UCS is presented Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life –Conditioned fears –Other conditioned emotional responses –Conditioning and physiological responses –Conditioning and drug effects

Table of Contents Processes in Classical Conditioning Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Stimulus Generalization Discrimination Higher-order conditioning Applications of classical conditioning – Pavlov and persuasion

Table of Contents Slide # 12 Classical Conditioning and Pleasant Response Advertising campaigns use classical conditioning Pairing a healthy, young, pretty model with a product John Watson

Table of Contents Slide # 13 Positive Emotions A song on the radio Scent, fragrance, or perfume Passing a bakery

Table of Contents Slide # 14 Applications: Drug Addiction Withdrawal/“cold turkey” Cues or triggers in the environment Avoidance of cues

Table of Contents Slide # 15 Taste Aversions John Garcia explained the role of classical conditioning in creating taste aversions Timing/single instance

Table of Contents Slide # 16 Taste Aversion: An Application Aversions can have survival benefits How to protect sheep from coyotes without killing the coyotes

Table of Contents Slide # 17 Principles of Classical Conditioning Acquisition of a conditioned response occurs gradually Timing is very important The intensity of the US

Table of Contents Slide # 18 Generalization Occurs when a subject responds to a second stimulus similar to the original (CS) without any conditioning

Table of Contents Slide # 19 Discrimination The ability to respond differently to different stimuli Generalization and discrimination are each a part of everyday life

Table of Contents Slide # 20 Extinction The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response The response disappears but is not forgotten (spontaneous recovery) Reconditioning

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Table of Contents Slide # 22 John B. Watson The case of “Little Albert” Fear response Ethics

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Table of Contents Operant Conditioning or Instrumental Learning Edward L. Thorndike (1913) – the law of effect – puzzle box and learning curve B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement –Operant chamber – “Skinner Box” –Emission of response –Reinforcement contingencies – antecedents, behaviors, and consequences (ABC) –Cumulative recorder – F 6.13b –

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Table of Contents Figure 6.13 Skinner box and cumulative recorder

Table of Contents Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning Acquisition Shaping – animal examples Extinction Stimulus Control –Generalization –Discrimination Remote controlled rat

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Table of Contents Table 6.1 Comparison of Basic Processes in Classical and Operant Conditioning

Table of Contents Reinforcement: Consequences that Strengthen Responses Delayed Reinforcement –Longer delay, slower conditioning Primary Reinforcers –Satisfy biological needs Secondary Reinforcers –Conditioned reinforcement

Table of Contents Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement Intermittent (partial) reinforcement Ratio schedules –Fixed –Variable Interval schedules –Fixed –Variable Schedules of reinforcement and everyday life – F 6.16

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Table of Contents Consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment Increasing a response: –Positive reinforcement = response followed by rewarding stimulus –Negative reinforcement = response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus Escape learning Avoidance learning Decreasing a response: –Punishment –Problems with punishment – third variable problem and correlation between punishment and aggression – F 6.21

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Table of Contents Changes in Our Understanding of Conditioning Biological Constraints on Conditioning –Breland and Breland (1961) – misbehavior of organisms –Instinctive Drift –Conditioned Taste Aversion – Garcia & Koelling (1966) Preparedness and Phobias Cognitive Influences on Conditioning –Signal relations –Response-outcome relations –Latent learning Evolutionary Perspectives on learning

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Table of Contents Observational Learning: Basic Processes Albert Bandura (1977, 1986) –Observational learning Vicarious conditioning –Bandura, Ross, & Ross (1963) – featured study 4 key processes –attention –retention –reproduction –Motivation acquisition vs. performance

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Table of Contents p. 245 Bandura, Ross, & Ross (1963) featured study - p. 245 – 246 – Figure v=vdh7MngntnI&feature=related

Table of Contents Observational Learning and the Media Violence Controversy Studies demonstrate that exposure to TV and movie violence increases the likelihood of physical aggression, verbal aggression, aggressive thoughts, and aggressive emotions The association between media violence and aggression is nearly as great as the correlation between smoking and cancer – F 6.26 – third variable problem

Table of Contents Figure Comparison of the relationship between media violence and aggression to other correlations.

Table of Contents Modify your own behavior? Figures 6.28 and 6.29