Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Learning How do we learn through our environment? Classical Conditioning – Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response Operant Conditioning.

Published byAlyson Golden Modified over 9 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Learning How do we learn through our environment? Classical Conditioning – Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response Operant Conditioning."— Presentation transcript:

1

2 Learning How do we learn through our environment? Classical Conditioning – Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response Operant Conditioning – Consequences increase or decrease the likelihood of a response Social Learning / Cognitive Learning (Modeling) Instincts

3 What is Classical Conditioning? (Pavlov) Neutral Stimulus (NS) – causes a sensory response but does not produce the reflex Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) – triggers a physical response Unconditioned Response (UCR) – Unlearned reflex

4 What is Classical Conditioning? (Pavlov) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – Same as neutral stimulus; now produces a response Conditioned Response (CR)– Similar to the UCR, but lesser in size & amount

5 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning We learn to associate two stimuli Two related events: Lightning Stimulus 1 Thunder Stimulus 2 Result after repetition We see lightning Stimulus We wince anticipating thunder Response

6 Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning During ConditioningAfter Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation UCR (salivation) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation)

7 Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea)

8 What is Operant Conditioning ? (Skinner) Rewards/Punishments determine behavior Reinforcements – increase the likelihood of a response Punishment – decreases the likelihood of a response

9 What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect ? Random actions followed by reward are strengthened and will recur

10 Can any stimulus result in conditioning? Generalization – Similar stimuli elicit same response (Little Albert Example) Discrimination – Only certain stimuli will elicit response

11 Does conditioning last forever? Extinction – CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS and eventually will no longer elicit the CR Spontaneous Recovery – The CR reappears even after an absence of conditioning trials

12 Can you uncondition learning? Systematic Desensitization – Blood, needles, snakes, public-speaking Test anxiety Treating drug desires Fear/Anxiety Hierarchy Greatest Fear Least Fear

13 How does operant conditioning work ? **Shaping – successive reinforcement of approximate behaviors as they lead to the desired behavior goal Application Examples

14 What’s the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning?** OPERANT GOAL Increases or Decreases a rate of Response CLASSICAL GOAL Create a new response to a neutral stimulus

15 What’s the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning? ** OPERANT Response Voluntary Emitted by Shaping Contingent upon behavior Reinforced immediately CLASSICAL Response Involuntary Reflex Elicited by Stimulus Conditioned by the Pairing presented slightly before

16 What’s the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning?** OPERANT Result Behavior depends on Consequences CLASSICAL Result Organism learns a predictable relationship between NS & UCS

17 What is Reinforcement ? Increases the chance of behavior recurring Positive – rewards Negative – removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the positive behavior

18 What can reinforce us?*** Primary – food, water, sex …innately satisfying Secondary – acquires power through experience

19 What is Punishment ? Decreases the chance of behavior recurring Positive – presenting an unpleasant stimulus after a response Negative – removing a reinforcing stimulus after a response

20 Which will you use as a parent? SPANKING Positive Punishment increases aggression linked to low self- esteem & depression TIME-OUT Negative Punishment fewer side effects Doesn’t model aggression

21 Which will you use as a parent? SPANKING Only points out what the child should not do Can be used sparing w/ consistency TIME-OUT No severe emotional reactions Combine with teaching alternative desired behaviors & reinforcement

22 How does Partial Reinforcement work? Fixed Ratio Occurs after a Fixed # of responses Payment for # of items completed

23 How does Partial Reinforcement work? Fixed Interval Behavior occurs after a fixed interval of time Surfers riding waves after so many minutes of time

24 How does Partial Reinforcement work? Variable Ratio A different number of responses is required for each reinforcement Las Vegas Slot Machines

25 How does Partial Reinforcement work? Variable Interval Different amounts of time pass for reinforcements to occur Bus arrivals (some early, some late)

26 What must occur for Social Cognitive learning to happen? Bandura believed that ‘modeling’ is the most powerful learning method 4 Features Attention –Observe Memory – Store the image Imitation – Ability to perform Motivation – incentive to imitate Skill vs Performance deficits

27 What about instincts ? Abilities evolved for survival (Adaptive Learning) Imprinting – inherited tendencies Preparedness - Taste Aversion Ethology – study of animal behaviors in natural settings

Download ppt "Learning How do we learn through our environment? Classical Conditioning – Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response Operant Conditioning."

Similar presentations

Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Operant & Cognitive Approaches
A.P. Psychology Modules 20-22

A.P. Psychology Modules 20-22
Introduction to Psychology Learning. Learning refers to an enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience –Distinct from Drug.

Introduction to Psychology Learning. Learning refers to an enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience –Distinct from Drug.
Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response. How.

Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response. How.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Module 9 Classical Conditioning.

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Module 9 Classical Conditioning.
Lecture Overview Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive-Social Learning The Biology of Learning Using Conditioning & Learning Principles.

Lecture Overview Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive-Social Learning The Biology of Learning Using Conditioning & Learning Principles.
Module 9 Classical Conditioning. 3 Kinds of Learning l Classical Conditioning n Kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce.

Module 9 Classical Conditioning. 3 Kinds of Learning l Classical Conditioning n Kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce.
Module 9 Classical Conditioning MR. McKinley First a quick video… games/videos/pavlovs-bell.htm

Module 9 Classical Conditioning MR. McKinley First a quick video… games/videos/pavlovs-bell.htm
I. What is learning? chapter 9. Definitions Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience [p300] Classical conditioning— learning.

I. What is learning? chapter 9. Definitions Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience [p300] Classical conditioning— learning.
Learning & Motivation Dr Jacqui McKechnie. Learning is a relatively permanent change of behaviour or knowledge that occurs as a result of experience.

Learning & Motivation Dr Jacqui McKechnie. Learning is a relatively permanent change of behaviour or knowledge that occurs as a result of experience.
Learning.

Learning.
Learning  relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience Associative Learning  learning that two events occur together two stimuli (classical.

Learning  relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience Associative Learning  learning that two events occur together two stimuli (classical.
LEARNING.

LEARNING.
Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Chapter 6 Learning. Table of Contents Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –Unconditioned.

Chapter 6 Learning. Table of Contents Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –Unconditioned.
Chapter 6 Learning. Table of Contents Learning Learning defined on page –Classical conditioning –Operant/Instrumental conditioning –Observational learning.

Chapter 6 Learning. Table of Contents Learning Learning defined on page –Classical conditioning –Operant/Instrumental conditioning –Observational learning.
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Chapter 6 Learning This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Chapter 6 Learning This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited.

Similar presentations

Ads by Google