The Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution Late 18 th / Early 19 th century

War of 1812 Positive Effects- spurred economic growth in the U.S. self-sufficient manufacturing – domestic production of goods Free enterprise system emerges nationalism increases foreign respect increases Decreases dependence on cottage industries

Quick Vocabulary  Industrialization- for example, when an economy goes from being based on agriculture to being based on manufacturing and other industries.  Urbanization- becoming more like a city  Free Enterprise- a type of economy where products, prices, and services are determined by the market, not the government.  Push Factor- something that drives people away from a place  Pull Factor- what draws people to a new location

What were the causes of rapid industrialization and urbanization in the U.S.? Geography limited farming in the North Water was available to power machines (therefore, factories were built near water) New inventions Trade restrictions during War of 1812 More jobs in cities and transportation/housing encouraged migration to cities Plentiful natural resources

Transportation Before Transportation After As settlers/immigrants began moving west in search of business opportunities. As a result, the government built roads/railroads to promote the free enterprise system

Transportation After

The Erie Canal (New York) to miles - much further than any other American or European canal -1/4 of the workers were Irish -Used as an inland route to ship goods Effect: Caused shipping prices in the Midwest to decrease and made it possible to get goods from the west to New York City Towns grow along canals where boats stopped to load/unload

Robert Fulton - the Steamboat Similar to the railroad -they both made it less costly to ship goods. People and goods move up and down river

Railroads Effects:  speeds up transportation  lowers freight charges  links Northeast and Midwest and increases communication  Opens new markets for goods  Pollution (negative) Henry Bessemer—steel production process that had a major impact on Westward expansion with the building of railroads

Where are most railroads located???

Positive Impacts - Improvements in Transportation Greater connection between regions Roads and canals reduce shipping cost and contribute to development of cities Railroads also lead to development of cities and increases markets for goods Transcontinental Railroad completion opens up the west for settlement Urbanization of North increases

Negative effects – Industrial Revolution and Urbanization Air pollution Destruction of the natural environment Spread of slavery

What innovation do you think made the greatest impact on the increase in urbanization??

Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”) Making goods in factories with machines was more efficient than making goods by hand!

Early US Factory System Located where water was accessible as water was used to power the mills Encouraged urbanization as workers moved closer to factories (better paid jobs) Employed entire families for low wages Women could work outside their home Families were motivated b/c growing conditions in the north were poor

The “Lowell Mills” Young farm women worked the mills and lived boarding houses/dorms Women looking for jobs migrated from rural areas to cities – Followed strict rules: attend church, learn to read, become ‘the marrying type’ – Working conditions: deafening and dangerous – Pay: high early on; plummeted w/more competition – DANGERS INCREASED

Lowell Mill These textile mills were created by Francis Cabot Lowell who used primarily female workers.

The Lowell Girls

New England dominance in Textiles Textiles = woven fabric

Steam Power  After 1850’s steam engines run mills and replace water as main power source  Factories could be moved away from water  This steam power increases production of goods  allows use of UNSKILLED laborers (increased demand for factory labor)

Interchangeable Parts—Eli Whitney  first used in the production of guns  faster to produce & easier to repair manufactured goods  Allows use of unskilled workers but required more supervision  Leads to mass-production techniques in many industries

Negative Effects of Rapid Urbanization Limited space led to cramped living quarters Poor sanitation = spread of disease Crime increased as well as risk of fires in apartment buildings Immigrants struggle with language and poverty Anti-immigration sentiment was common as immigrants worked for lower wages Discrimination towards immigrants, women, children

John Deere - Steel Plow Cyrus McCormick - Mechanical Reaper

EFFECTS:  Mechanical Reaper & Steel Plow increase farm production  allows the Midwest to focus on farming while the East focuses on manufacturing

Cotton Gin-Eli Whitney  makes cotton production more profitable and efficient  plantations spread westward and increase in size  Negative effects:  INCREASES the need for slaves  Drives Native Americans off of their land

Free Blacks vs. Slaves Free BlacksSlaves Not allowed to vote of receive education Expands with cotton gin Relocated to the NorthResistance to owners/rebellions Risked capture and returned to slavery Maintained cultural identity through music, religion, etc. Increased discrimination in the North Families were separated Denied basic human rights and punished severely

Communication Samuel F. B. Morse and the Telegraph

Immigration in the 1800’s Why did people immigrate? Push Factors: population growth, agricultural changes in Europe, crop failures (potato famine), religious/political conflict Pull Factors: freedom, economic opportunity, lots of land available WHO CAME AND WHY??? Germans: economic opportunity – settled in rural and urban areas Irish: poverty, religious conflict, POTATO FAMINE 1845 – settled in cities, worked on Erie Canal Scandinavians: looking for new economic opportunity, settles in Midwest Chinese- worked on Transcontinental Railroad

US Population Density

Economic Differences in the US lead to Sectionalism South—relies on cotton & slavery Northeast—relies on manufacturing, trade and cheap labor West—desires cheap land & good transportation

Impact of slavery on different regions of the United States NorthSouthWest Illegal since the RevolutionInvention of cotton gin caused plantations to spread and demand for slave labor to increase Fight over whether or not to extend slavery into the territories. Abolitionist societies and newspapers Slaves viewed as propertyMaintain balance of free v. slave states in the Senate Underground railroadSeen as crucial to maintain Southern way of life Many had conflicting beliefs about slaves/free blacks Considered a states’ rights issue Fugitive slaves were key concern in relations with other states

 Appointed by John Adams (had Federalist beliefs) and served for 34 years  Strengthens power of federal government –his cases defined the powers of the federal government  Broad view of Constitution— implied powers Chief Justice John Marshall

McCullough v. Maryland  State can’t tax federal government  Strengthens supremacy clause  If state laws conflict with federal laws  Federal law is supreme  Implied powers exist (necessary and proper)

Gibbons v. Ogden  Only federal government (congress) can regulate interstate trade (trade between states)  Strengthens private property rights and principles of capitalism

The “Era of Good Feelings” ( )

The Election of 1816 James Monroe [ ] Winner!!!

The American System Tariff of 1816 –to improve infrastructure (roads, canals, etc.) Second Bank of the United States divides the country **Internal improvements at federal expense. Ex: National Road Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser”

The Election of 1820 Winner!!!

Domestic Problems - A New State  States were divided evenly between those who allowed slavery & those who didn’t  Missouri (a territory allowing slaves) applied for statehood in 1817 creating concern about a shift in power between the slave (11) and non- slave (11) states in the Senate

Missouri Compromise  Compromise introduced by Henry Clay (KY) in 1820  Missouri enters as slave state  Maine enters as free state  Slavery would be banned from the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of the 36 o 30’ parallel

The Compromise of 1820

Foreign Policy Under Monroe The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 European powers should no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the nations of the Americas. American continents are forever free and independent from European powers Impact: U.S. sees itself as a world power Protector of Latin America Influences foreign policy of later administrations

It is impossible that the [European] powers should extend their political system to any portion of [this] continent without endangering our peace and happiness; …. It is impossible that we should behold such [involvement] with indifference.