Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Capacity Estimates of the human brain’s memory capacity vary wildly from 1 to 1,000 terabytes (for comparison, the 19 million volumes in the US Library of Congress represents about 10 terabytes of data).

What physical changes are occurring? When your attention is grabbed, you become physically aroused/stimulated. Neurotransmitters are firing off and electro- chemicals are being released. Some neurotransmitters tend to act as excitatory (e.g. acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, adrenaline, histamine) or inhibitory (e.g. GABA, glycine, seratonin), while some (e.g. dopamine) may be either.

Subtle variations in the mechanisms of neurotransmission allow the brain to respond to the various demands made on it, including the encoding, consolidation, storage and retri eval of memories.encodingconsolidationstorageretri eval

Take out a piece of paper….. Name the seven dwarves….. Now name them…..

Was it easy or hard? It depends on several things…. If you like Disney movies? When was the last time you have seen the movie? Your just to tired to care..

What is STATE-DEPENDENT MEMORY This applies to a person who will better recall a memory when he is in the same state as when the memory was made. Includes Mood- Excited, Happy, Sad, Stressed Could be an in altered state due to chemical stimulates- Caffeine, Alcohol, drugs

Examples Coaches attempt to create game like conditions for their athletes. Same speed, intensity and stress levels. Not always true but “You play like you practice”. Not going to lie. The Ducks do this really well. Ducks force teams to practice their defense under the same conditions.

Emotions and Learning Emotions play a huge role in learning and memorizing details. Ex. News stories that make an emotional connection with us and illicit different strong emotions tend to stay with us.

Example

Transfer Training :Learning task A will carry over/transfer to learning task B. AB

Negative Transfer A: Boxing B: UFC

Language: Languages that share a common origin say “romance languages” make them easier to learn Romance language Spanish French Italian Portuguese Bilingual education language acquisition states that if you are proficient in one language it will transfer to a 2 nd

Information Processing: the way we analyze, store and recall things we learned Everyone processes information differently or uses different tools to help them learn/memorize and problem solve. One thing we all utilize is Schema.

Schema Schema represent knowledge about concepts: objects and the relationships they have with other objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions, and sequences of actions. Example: schema for dog. Within that schema you most likely have knowledge about dogs in general (bark, four legs, teeth, hair, tails) Your knowledge of dogs might also include the fact that they are mammals and thus are warm-blooded and bear their young as opposed to laying eggs. Depending upon your personal experience, the knowledge of a dog as a pet (domesticated and loyal) or as an animal to fear (likely to bite or attack) may be a part of your schema.

A plane has crash landed on Mt. Hood. Who would have more Schema to pull from to survive Mr. Chavez Who has been camping once in his life and that was in an R.V. Has only been to Mt. Hood during the summer, once. But does watch Wild Alaska, Naked and Afraid and various other shows. Or this guy

Schema and learning What does all this have to do with learning ? Individuals have schemata for everything. Long before students come to school, they develop schemata (units of knowledge) about everything they experience. Reading theory Schema not only affect the way information is interpreted, thus affecting comprehension, but also continue to change as new information is received. You create a new reality for your self as you read.

Memory Test and chunking/mnemonic devices Write down these numbers Columbus American Revolution War of WWII Write down these letters XIDKKFCFBIANA- ACPCVSSUVROFLNBAQ IDK- Text talk KFC- Kentucky Fried Chicken FBI-Federal Bureau of Invest… NAACP- Civil right organization XIBMSATPHDMTVX

Biographic memories Part 1 What would be the benefits of having of what many would consider a photographic memory? Is it really learning? Part 2 What challenges would a person with such a memory face in their personal life?

Part 1

Quiz Write down the set of numbers and letters from the previous class. Grade as a test, yes a test….

Face blindness What are some strategies you would use if you woke up with face blindness?

Part 1

Test next class period Slides 1-17 on power point that is currently on our class web site. mrchavezclass.weebly.com

Recall Versus Recognition Recall you must retrieve the information from your memory fill-in-the blank or essay tests Recognition you must identify the target from possible targets multiple-choice tests

The Memory Process Three step process…. 1.Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. 2.Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. 3.Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Three Box Model of Memory

Sensory Memory A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information. Sperling’s research on Iconic Memory Echoic Memory

Short Term Memory The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM. Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically. Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds. We recall digits better than letters. Short Term Memory Activity

Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Mnemonic devices Rehearsal "Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."

Long Term Memory Unlimited storehouse of information. Explicit (declarative) memories Implicit (non- declarative) memories

Explicit Memories Episodic Memories Semantic Memories

Implicit Memories Procedural Memories Conditioned Memories

Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…

Encoding Information Primacy Effect Recency Effect Serial Positioning Effect

Spacing Effect DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!! Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

The Ways we can encode… Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning. Encoding Exercise

The Context Matters!!! Flashbulb Memories Mood Congruent Memory State Dependent Memory

Constructive Memory Memories are not always what they seem. Elizabeth Loftus A constructed memory is a created memory. Misinformation effect

Forgetting

Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information. Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information. Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name. Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.

Storing Memories Long Term-Potentiation long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously. In other words…they learn to fire together and get better at it…creating a memory.